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Soilless culture has been widely used in horticultural plant production, but little research has been done on bryophyte. In this study, we selected a cultivation substrate mixed and proportioned with garden soil, granular soil, grass charcoal soil, general-purpose nutrient soil, and decomposed grade II, III, and IV fallen wood of Pinus massoniana as the raw materials of soilless substrate to investigate its effects on the growth and physiology of Plagiomnium acutum . The results showed that the total porosity, water-holding porosity, and water-holding capacity of the mixed substrate containing fallen wood of  P. massoniana were significantly higher than those of other cultivated substrates. The average cover of the  P. acutum  was significantly and positively correlated with the substrate’s total porosity and water-holding porosity. Chlorophyll content was highly significantly and positively correlated with the water holding capacity and total nitrogen content of the substrate. Among them, V III decomposition grade Pinus massoniana fallen log :V grass charcoal soil  = 1:1 (SW8) substrate had the highest overall evaluation index and the best overall growth condition of P. acutum . In summary, V III decomposition grade Pinus massoniana fallen log :V grass charcoal soil  = 1:1 (SW8) substrate can be the best substrate for cultivation of P. acutum . The addition of  P. massoniana  fallen wood to the soil substrate increased the total porosity, water-holding porosity, and water-holding capacity of the substrate, which was conducive to the growth of  P. acutum  and the increase of chlorophyll content.

Clarifying changes in the microbial community in deadwood at different stages of decomposition is crucial for comprehending the role of deadwood in the biogeochemical processes and the sustainability of forest development. However, there have been no reports on the dynamics of microbial community during the decomposition of Pinus massoniana. We used the “space‐for‐time” substitution to analyze the characteristics of microbial community changes and the key influencing factors in the P. massoniana deadwood during different decomposition stages by 16S and ITS rRNA gene sequencing. The results suggest that the microbial community structure of the early decomposition (decay class I) was significantly different from the other decay classes, while the diversity and richness of the microbial community were the highest in the late decomposition (decay class V). The Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size analysis revealed that most bacterial and fungal taxa were significantly enriched in decay classes I and V deadwood. During the initial stages of decomposition, the relative abundance of the bacterial functional group responsible for carbohydrate metabolism was greater than the later stages. As decomposition progressed, the relative abundance of saprophytic fungi gradually decreased, and there was a shift in the comparative abundance of mixed saprophytic‐symbiotic fungi from low to high before eventually decreasing. Total organic carbon, total nitrogen, carbon‐to‐nitrogen ratio, total potassium, total phenol, condensed tannin, lignin, and cellulose were significantly correlated with microbial community structure, with the carbon‐to‐nitrogen ratio having the greatest effect. Our results indicate that the physicochemical properties of deadwood, microbial community structural composition and functional group changes were related to the decay class, among which the carbon‐to‐nitrogen ratio may be an important factor affecting the composition and diversity of microbial communities. Our results indicate that the physicochemical properties, microbial community structural composition and functional group changes were related to the decay class of deadwood, among which the carbon‐to‐nitrogen ratio may be an important factor affecting the composition and diversity of microbial communities

Plagiomnium acutum has a high value of landscape application and medicinal value, but there is a lack of related research on propagation and cultivation techniques. The deadwood substrate has rich nutrients and superior water retention properties, which will be conducive to promoting the growth of moss. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms by which deadwood influences moss growth are not yet fully unclear. In this study, we pulverized deadwood from five decay classes of Pinus massoniana into three distinct particle sizes. Through a pot experiment, we investigated the effects of decay class and physicochemical properties on the growth and physiology of Plagiomnium acutum, aiming to identify the most suitable growth substrate. The results indicated that both the decay class and particle diameter of deadwood significantly affect the substrate's physicochemical characteristics and the growth indexes of P. acutum, with the decay class exerting a more pronounced effect. The water‐holding porosity, water‐holding capacity, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium and lignin content of the substrate positively affected the growth of P. acutum, while the bulk density, void ratio, total carbon, carbon‐to‐nitrogen ratio, condensed tannin content and cellulose content had negative impacts. A comprehensive evaluation using a fuzzy membership function indicated that deadwood with higher decay classes (IV and V) was more conducive to the growth of P. acutum. Specifically, substrates from decay class IV with particle sizes of 10–20 mm provided the most favorable conditions for P. acutum and were recommended as the optimal cultivation substrate. The results of this study provide theoretical basis and technical support for the propagation and cultivation of P. acutum, and provide a foundation for further development of the industrial, pharmaceutical and environmental biotechnology potential of P. acutum. The study investigated how deadwood, as a cultural substrate, influences the growth of Plagiomnium acutum. We found that both the decay class and particle diameter of deadwood significantly impact the physicochemical characteristics of the substrate and the growth indices of P. acutum, with the decay class showing a more pronounced effect. Deadwood with higher decay classes (IV and V) tended to promote the growth of P. acutum. Notably, substrates from decay class IV, characterized by particle sizes of 10–20 mm, offered the most favorable conditions for P. acutum growth and were suggested as the optimal cultivation substrate.

Plagiomnium acutum holds significant industrial and medicinal value but lacks comprehensive research on cultivation technology. Deadwood is rich in nutrients and microbiota, provides a favorable environment for bryophyte growth. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which deadwood influences moss growth are poorly understood. We conducted a pot experiment to investigate how the physicochemical properties and microbial communities of Pinus massoniana deadwood affect P. acutum growth. The results revealed that microbial community composition, abundance, and structure were altered by variations in the physicochemical properties of deadwood. Specifically, deadwood with high decay classes had higher bacterial richness and more complex fungal network structure. The comprehensive evaluation showed that the high decay classes of (W4 and W5) deadwood were more conducive to moss growth. The partial least squares path model indicated that total carbon, nitrogen, potassium, pH, phosphorus, cellulose, and condensed tannin in deadwood directly influenced the diversity and network structure of the microbial community, thereby regulating P. acutum growth. Notably, bacterial richness had the most significant impact on P. acutum . The richness and diversity of bacteria and fungi, the fungal network structure, and levels of total potassium and total nitrogen, positively influenced P. acutum growth. Specific microbiota, such as Bacillus , Bradyrhizobium , Mortierella , and Trechispora , may play a positive role in promoting P. acutum growth. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying moss growth promotion by deadwood and offer a reference for future research on the development and utilization of moss cultivation. Graphical Abstract

Purpose Epiphytic mosses play a crucial role in facilitating the decomposition of deadwood and regulating biogeochemical cycling processes in forests. However, the specific impact of epiphytic mosses on the deadwood decomposition process remains unclear. Methods We investigate the effect of epiphytic mosses on the changes in microbial community characteristics and physicochemical properties of five decay classes of Pinus massoniana deadwood. To ensure that our findings were not influenced by external environmental factors, we conducted greenhouse cultivation experiments. Results The decay class of deadwood and the presence of epiphytic moss had significant effects on total carbon, total nitrogen, carbon-nitrogen ratio, total phosphorus, total potassium, pH, and condensed tannin levels in deadwood. Furthermore, these two factors also significantly influenced the diversity and richness of the microbial community in deadwood. Notably, epiphytic moss exerts a stronger impact on bacterial community composition compared to fungal communities and decreased the complexity of microbial co-occurrence networks in deadwood. Total carbon and condensed tannin content were the most important factors affecting bacterial taxa, and total carbon, pH, total potassium, condensed tannin and cellulose content were the most important factors affecting fungal taxa. Conclusion Epiphytic mosses affect the process of deadwood decomposition by altering physicochemical properties and microbial community characteristics within the deadwood. Our study emphasizes the importance of considering the impact of epiphytic mosses in forest management practices aimed at enhancing the degradation of deadwood, with potential implications for promoting ecosystem sustainability.

Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) are fundamental elements for many emerging technologies, such as autonomous driving and augmented reality. For this paper, to get more information, we developed an improved monocular visual SLAM system by using omnidirectional cameras. Our method extends the ORB-SLAM framework with the enhanced unified camera model as a projection function, which can be applied to catadioptric systems and wide-angle fisheye cameras with 195 degrees field-of-view. The proposed system can use the full area of the images even with strong distortion. For omnidirectional cameras, a map initialization method is proposed. We analytically derive the Jacobian matrices of the reprojection errors with respect to the camera pose and 3D position of points. The proposed SLAM has been extensively tested in real-world datasets. The results show positioning error is less than 0.1% in a small indoor environment and is less than 1.5% in a large environment. The results demonstrate that our method is real-time, and increases its accuracy and robustness over the normal systems based on the pinhole model.

Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is a common chronic condition that significantly affects the quality of life in older adults. Studies have shown that genetic factors play a substantial role in ARHL, with heritability estimates ranging from 46 to 74%. Although advances in genomics and epigenetics have led to the identification of numerous candidate genes in recent years, most related studies have focused on European and North American populations. There remains a lack of systematic mapping of research trends and cross-ethnic gene consistency, limiting the broad applicability of these findings. This study screened English-language publications on ARHL genetics from 1995 to June 2025 across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus, ultimately including 465 studies. Bibliometric analyses were conducted using R Bibliometrix, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace to extract research trends, research hotspots, and candidate genes. Ethnic information from human studies were compiled to facilitate cross-ethnic comparative analysis. Over the past 30 years, publications in this field have shown continuous growth, with an average annual growth rate of 6.83%. Hearing Research emerged as the core journal. China and the United States were the top two publishing countries, though international collaboration remained limited. Research priorities have gradually shifted from inner ear anatomy to molecular mechanisms such as gene variants, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and inflammation. A total of 365 candidate factors from animal studies and 221 candidate genes from human studies were extracted and grouped into seven categories. Cross-ethnic analysis identified 56 genes that were repeatedly reported across at least two populations. Among these, , , and showed high cross-ethnic consistency, while genes such as exhibited notable ethnic specificity. This study systematically maps the developmental trajectory and research hotspots of ARHL genetics, revealing key patterns in geographic distribution, thematic evolution, and cross-ethnic applicability. The findings highlight the urgent need to strengthen research in non-European populations and promote international collaboration, thereby providing a theoretical foundation and data support for building a universally applicable genetic risk framework and advancing individualised interventions.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Hyperphosphorylated tau plays an indispensable role in neuronal dysfunction and synaptic damage in AD. Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are a novel type of chimeric molecule that can degrade target proteins by inducing their polyubiquitination. This approach has shown promise for reducing tau protein levels, which is a potential therapeutic target for AD. Compared with traditional drug therapies, the use of PROTACs to reduce tau levels may offer a more specific and efficient strategy for treating AD, with fewer side effects. In the present study, we designed and synthesized a series of small-molecule PROTACs to knock down tau protein. Of these, compound C8 was able to lower both total and phosphorylated tau levels in HEK293 cells with stable expression of wild-type full-length human tau (termed HEK293-htau) and htau-overexpressed mice. Western blot findings indicated that C8 degraded tau protein through the ubiquitin–proteasome system in a time-dependent manner. In htau-overexpressed mice, the results of both the novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests revealed that C8 markedly improved cognitive function. Together, our findings suggest that the use of the small-molecule PROTAC C8 to degrade phosphorylated tau may be a promising therapeutic strategy for AD.

Background: Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonoid that has been reported as a potential treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, extensive phase II metabolism and poor aqueous solubility led to a decrease in the chrysin concentration in the blood after oral administration, limiting its pharmacological development in vivo . Methods: In the present study, we synthesized a novel chrysin derivative prodrug (C-1) to address this issue. We introduced a hydrophilic prodrug group at the 7-position hydroxyl group, which is prone to phase II metabolism, to improve water solubility and mask the metabolic site. Further, we evaluated the ameliorative effects of C-1 on NAFLD in vitro and in vivo by NAFLD model cells and db/db mice. Results: In vitro studies indicated that C-1 has the ability to ameliorate lipid accumulation, cellular damage, and oxidative stress in NAFLD model cells. In vivo experiments showed that oral administration of C-1 at a high dose (69.3 mg/kg) effectively ameliorated hyperlipidemia and liver injury and reduced body weight and liver weight in db/db mice, in addition to alleviating insulin resistance. Proteomic analysis showed that C-1 altered the protein expression profile in the liver and particularly improved the expression of proteins associated with catabolism and metabolism. Furthermore, in our preliminary pharmacokinetic study, C-1 showed favorable pharmacokinetic properties and significantly improved the oral bioavailability of chrysin. Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that C-1 may be a promising agent for NAFLD therapy.