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[Results] P. citri in the tested areas exhibited the most severe resistance to abamectin, with approximately 91.7% of the field populations showing high levels of resistance to abamectin (112.1-560.5 times); 50% of P. citri populations exhibited. high levels of resistance to pyridaben (123.0-202.7 times), while the remaining populations showed intermediate levels of resistance (25.6-80.3 times); except for the Zhejiang Xiangshan 2019 and Jiangxi Yudu 2019 populations, which exhibited a medium level of resistance to bifenazate, the remaining 10 monitored populations demonstrated a high level of resistance to bifenazate (140.4-686. To ensure effective prevention and control of P. citri and reduce the loss of citrus production in China, it is crucial to focus on the scientific and rational use of existing acaricides to prolong their service life 16). Table 1 presents the specific collection information. 2.2 Reagents The study employed 1.8% abamectin EC (Adama Ltd.), 43% bifenazate SC (Shenzhen Noposion International Investment Co., Ltd.), and 15% pyridaben SC (Jiangsu Yangnong Chemical Group Co., Ltd.) as reagents. 2.3 Bioassay methods 2.3.1 Bioassay of adult mites. [...]the leaf dises were cultured in an incubator set to T = (25±1) °C, RH=70% ±10%, and a photoperiod of 168 (LD) h, and those immersed in water was set as control.

β-Carbonic anhydrase (βCA) is very important for plant growth and development, but its function in immunity has also been examined. In this study, we found that the expression level of Solanum lycopersicum βCA1 (SlβCA1) was significantly upregulated in plants treated with Xanthomonas euvesicatoria 85-10. The protein was localized in the nucleus, cell membrane and chloroplast. Using tomato plants silenced with SlβCA1, we demonstrated that SlβCA1 plays an active role in plant disease resistance. Moreover, we found that the elicitor PopW upregulated the expression of SlβCA1, while the microbe-associated molecular pattern response induced by PopW was inhibited in TRV-SlβCA1. The interaction between PopW and SlβCA1 was confirmed. Here, we found that SlβCA1 was positively regulated during PopW-induced resistance to Xanthomonas euvesicatoria 85-10. These data indicate the importance of SlβCA1 in plant basic immunity and its recognition by the Harpin protein PopW as a new target for elicitor recognition.

Pectobacterium actinidiae is one of the primary pathogens that causes summer canker disease in kiwifruit, yet its pathogenic mechanisms remain unknown. The exopolysaccharide PCAP‐1a, isolated from the fermentation broth of P. actinidiae strain GX1, exhibits notable cytotoxicity and acts as a virulence factor facilitating host infection. Genome‐wide analysis revealed a 21‐gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides in GX1. Homologous recombination was used to systematically knock out these genes, which led to the identification of RmlA as a key protein in the synthesis of the PCAP‐1a precursor. The deletion of the rmlA gene significantly affected the yield of PCAP‐1a and resulted in a direct reduction in GX1 pathogenicity. Further studies revealed that mutations in the substrate binding site of RmlA weakened its capacity to bind G‐1‐P and dTTP, which led to markedly reduced pathogenicity in the corresponding complemented strains. This study indicates that the exopolysaccharide PCAP‐1a serves as a virulence factor in the pathogenesis of GX1, and its biosynthesis depends on the polysaccharide synthesis gene rmlA and the substrate binding activity of its encoded protein. Deletion of the rmlA gene negatively affected PCAP‐1a yield, structure and directly diminished GX1 pathogenicity. Furthermore, mutations within RmlA's substrate binding site impaired its ability to bind G‐1‐P and dTTP.

The damage of T. urticae in China was first reported in the 1980s. Since 1990, T. urticae has caused serious damage in apple producing areas in China, and the damage has further spread and aggravated, resulting in huge economic losses[7] . First of all, weeds should be uprooted on the edge of the field regularly, and the residual plants and leaves should be removed to reduce the environment and places suitable for the survival of T. urticae. [...]starting from the optimum temperature and humidity, too low or too high temperature and too high relative humidity is not conducive to the growth, development and reproduction of T. urticae. [...]in the actual production process, it can effectively inhibit the growth, development and reproduction of T. urticae by more watering and irrigation to maintain the relative humidity in the environment. In recent years, acaricides have been developed to the direction of heterocyclic acaricides that inhibit the respiratory metabolism of mites[27]. [...]while paying attention to the development of new agents, chemical control should also pay close attention to the dynamic change of the resistance of harmful mites to existing acaricides.