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5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC) is an oxidation product of 5-methylcytosine which is present in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of most mammalian cells. Reduction of hmC levels in DNA is a hallmark of cancers. Elucidating the dynamics of this oxidation reaction and the lifetime of hmC in DNA is fundamental to understanding hmC function. Using stable isotope labelling of cytosine derivatives in the DNA of mammalian cells and ultrasensitive tandem liquid–chromatography mass spectrometry, we show that the majority of hmC is a stable modification, as opposed to a transient intermediate. In contrast with DNA methylation, which occurs immediately during replication, hmC forms slowly during the first 30 hours following DNA synthesis. Isotopic labelling of DNA in mouse tissues confirmed the stability of hmC in vivo and demonstrated a relationship between global levels of hmC and cell proliferation. These insights have important implications for understanding the states of chemically modified DNA bases in health and disease. Reduction of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC) levels in DNA often occurs in cancers. Using isotope tracing experiments, this epigenetic DNA modification, which was thought to be an intermediate of demethylation, is now shown to be stable. A delay in the generation of hmC on newly synthesized DNA is responsible for the reduction of hmC levels in cancers.

The random placement of a large-scale sensor network in an outdoor environment often causes low coverage. In order to effectively improve the coverage of a wireless sensor network in the monitoring area, a coverage optimization algorithm for wireless sensor networks with a Virtual Force-Lévy-embedded Grey Wolf Optimization (VFLGWO) algorithm is proposed. The simulation results show that the VFLGWO algorithm has a better optimization effect on the coverage rate, uniformity, and average moving distance of sensor nodes than a wireless sensor network coverage optimization algorithm using Lévy-embedded Grey Wolf Optimizer, Cuckoo Search algorithm, and Chaotic Particle Swarm Optimization. The VFLGWO algorithm has good adaptability with respect to changes of the number of sensor nodes and the size of the monitoring area.

Artemisinin and its derivatives have shown broad-spectrum antitumor activities and . Furthermore, outcomes from a limited number of clinical trials provide encouraging evidence for their excellent antitumor activities. However, some problems such as poor solubility, toxicity and controversial mechanisms of action hamper their use as effective antitumor agents in the clinic. In order to accelerate the use of ARTs in the clinic, researchers have recently developed novel therapeutic approaches including developing novel derivatives, manufacturing novel nano-formulations, and combining ARTs with other drugs for cancer therapy. The related mechanisms of action were explored. This review describes ARTs used to induce non-apoptotic cell death containing oncosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. Moreover, it highlights the ARTs-caused effects on cancer metabolism, immunosuppression and cancer stem cells and discusses clinical trials of ARTs used to treat cancer. The review provides additional insight into the molecular mechanism of action of ARTs and their considerable clinical potential.

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based wireless sensor networks (WSNs) hold great promise for supporting ground-based sensors due to the mobility of UAVs and the ease of establishing line-of-sight links. UAV-based WSNs equipped with mobile edge computing (MEC) servers effectively mitigate challenges associated with long-distance transmission and the limited coverage of edge base stations (BSs), emerging as a powerful paradigm for both communication and computing services. Furthermore, incorporating simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (STAR-RISs) as passive relays significantly enhances the propagation environment and service quality of UAV-based WSNs. However, most existing studies place STAR-RISs in fixed positions, ignoring the flexibility of STAR-RISs. Some other studies equip UAVs with STAR-RISs, and UAVs act as flight carriers, ignoring the computing and caching capabilities of UAVs. To address these limitations, we propose an energy-efficient aerial STAR-RIS-aided computing offloading and content caching framework, where we formulate an energy consumption minimization problem to jointly optimize content caching decisions, computing offloading decisions, UAV hovering positions, and STAR-RIS passive beamforming. Given the non-convex nature of this problem, we decompose it into a content caching decision subproblem, a computing offloading decision subproblem, a hovering position subproblem, and a STAR-RIS resource allocation subproblem. We propose a deep reinforcement learning (DRL)–successive convex approximation (SCA) combined algorithm to iteratively achieve near-optimal solutions with low complexity. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed framework effectively utilizes resources in UAV-based WSNs and significantly reduces overall system energy consumption.

Lithium metal battery (LMB) possessing a high theoretical capacity is a promising candidate of advanced energy storage devices. However, its safety and stability are challenged by lithium dendrites and the leakage of liquid electrolyte. Here, a self‐enhancing gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is created by in situ polymerizing 1,3‐dioxolane (DOL) in the nanofibrous skeleton for enabling safe LMB. The nanofiber membrane possesses a better affinity with poly‐DOL (PDOL) than commercial separator for constructing homogeneous GPE with enhanced ion conductivity. Furthermore, polydopamine is introduced on nanofiber membrane to form hydrogen bonding with PDOL and bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide anion, dramatically improving the mechanical strength, ionic conductivity, and transference number of GPE. Besides, molecular dynamic simulation is used to reveal the intrinsic factors of high ionic conductivity and reinforcing effect in the meantime. Consequently, the LiFePO4//Li batteries using self‐enhancing GPE show extraordinary cyclic stability over 800 cycles under high current density of 2 C, with a capacity decay of 0.021% per cycle, effectively suppressing the growth of lithium dendrites. This ingenious strategy is expected to manufacture advanced performance and high safety LMBs and compatible with the current battery production. A self‐enhancing gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) based on in situ construction display favorable mechanical strength (10.1 MPa), high ionic conductivity (2.39 × 10−3 S cm−1), and Li+ transference number (0.59). The GPE shows extraordinary cyclic stability over 800 cycles at 2 C and effective suppression of Li dendrites.

Aiming at the problem of network congestion caused by the large number of data transmissions in wireless routing nodes of wireless sensor network (WSN), this paper puts forward an algorithm based on standard particle swarm–neural PID congestion control (PNPID). Firstly, PID control theory was applied to the queue management of wireless sensor nodes. Then, the self-learning and self-organizing ability of neurons was used to achieve online adjustment of weights to adjust the proportion, integral and differential parameters of the PID controller. Finally, the standard particle swarm optimization to neural PID (NPID) algorithm of initial values of proportion, integral and differential parameters and neuron learning rates were used for online optimization. This paper describes experiments and simulations which show that the PNPID algorithm effectively stabilized queue length near the expected value. At the same time, network performance, such as throughput and packet loss rate, was greatly improved, which alleviated network congestion and improved network QoS.

This study examines graduate education in the post-COVID era (2020–2025), a period marked by rapid shifts in both pedagogy and institutional management. Drawing on 384 articles, we combine systematic review, bibliometric mapping, and time-series forecasting to trace developments in the field. The analysis identifies three central research streams: project-based learning (PBL) as a pathway for professional development, process-oriented approaches that support institutional adaptability, and optimization tools such as Analytic Hierarchy Process AHP and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) that strengthen governance. Bibliometric evidence points to increasing collaboration between education and management sciences, while forecasting results suggest uneven trajectories. Research on PBL is projected to double within the next 5 years, whereas reliance on traditional optimization methods appears to have reached a plateau. The findings highlight how post-COVID scholarship has expanded the role of optimization in higher education but continues to treat it separately from innovative teaching models. We argue for the development of hybrid frameworks that bring together predictive tools and student-centered learning to guide the future of graduate education management.

The structural connectivity and kinematic relationship between the Altyn Tagh sinistral strike‐slip fault (ATF) and Qilian Shan fold‐and‐thrust belt along the north Tibetan margin east of 96°E is an important question for tectonicists interested in the evolving active deformation field of Central Asia and associated earthquake hazards of China's Hexi Corridor region. New results from a detailed 130‐km‐long N‐S magnetotelluric (MT) survey from the Qilian Shan to Beishan elucidates the locations and down‐dip orientations of major faults. Importantly, the results indicate that the Heishan‐Jinta’Nanshan fault system roots steeply into the lower crust, is unconnected to the Qilian Shan thrust wedge, and has reactivated the margin of the North China Craton and an older, regional ductile shear belt. The structurally linked ATF‐Heishan‐Jinta’Nanshan system defines a fundamental kinematic boundary in central Asia between the NE directed Qilian Shan thrust belt to the south and the eastwardly extruding Beishan‐Alxa Block to the north. Plain Language Summary In this study, we present results of a comprehensive electrical resistivity survey conducted in the western Hexi Corridor region of China. The survey reveals significant sub‐surface faults and crustal boundaries, providing insights into the crustal structure between northernmost Tibet (Qilian Shan) and the Beishan. We document how the strike‐slip crustal boundary known as the Altyn Tagh Fault (ATF)‐Heishan‐Jinta’Nanshan system is steep and spatially unconnected to the Qilian Shan east of 98°E. It separates crustal blocks with contrasting motion histories; the southern block experiences compressional deformation, whereas the northern block accommodates extensional and transtensional deformation. Furthermore, the northeast trending ATF bends and converges into the more east‐west‐oriented Heishan‐Jinta’Nanshan system. We propose that this is a result of the Heishan‐Jinta’Nanshan system reactivating an older ductile shear belt and a mechanically weak boundary along the northwestern margin of the Precambrian North China Craton. Our study confirms the significance of inherited crustal structures in localizing continental interior reactivation and associated earthquake hazards. Key Points A new detailed 3D resistivity model from Northern Tibet to the Southern Beishan clarifies the crustal structure in the NW Hexi Corridor The Heishan fault system penetrates steeply to the lower crust and is unconnected to the Qilian Shan thrust wedge Crustal thickening and mountain uplift in Qilian Shan is kinematically separated from eastward Beishan‐Alxa Block extrusion further north

Unlike most tumor suppressor genes, the most common genetic alterations in tumor protein p53 (TP53) are missense mutations 1 , 2 . Mutant p53 protein is often abundantly expressed in cancers and specific allelic variants exhibit dominant-negative or gain-of-function activities in experimental models 3 – 8 . To gain a systematic view of p53 function, we interrogated loss-of-function screens conducted in hundreds of human cancer cell lines and performed TP53 saturation mutagenesis screens in an isogenic pair of TP53 wild-type and null cell lines. We found that loss or dominant-negative inhibition of wild-type p53 function reliably enhanced cellular fitness. By integrating these data with the Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) mutational signatures database 9 , 10 , we developed a statistical model that describes the TP53 mutational spectrum as a function of the baseline probability of acquiring each mutation and the fitness advantage conferred by attenuation of p53 activity. Collectively, these observations show that widely-acting and tissue-specific mutational processes combine with phenotypic selection to dictate the frequencies of recurrent TP53 mutations. Large-scale loss-of-function screens and TP53 saturation mutagenesis screens in human cancer cell lines suggest that mutational processes combine with phenotypic selection to shape the landscape of somatic mutations at the TP53 locus.

Background The intestinal epithelial barrier, which works as the first line of defense between the luminal environment and the host, once destroyed, it will cause serious inflammation or other intestinal diseases. Tight junctions (TJs) play a vital role to maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), one of the most important inflammatory factors will downregulate specific TJ proteins including Occludin and Claudin-1 and impair integrity of the epithelial barrier. Betaine has excellent anti-inflammatory activity but whether betaine has any effect on TJ proteins, particularly on LPS-induced dysfunction of epithelial barriers remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to explore the pharmacological effect of betaine on improving intestinal barrier function represented by TJ proteins. Intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) were used as an in vitro model. Results The results demonstrated that betaine enhanced the expression of TJ proteins while LPS (1 μg/mL) downregulates the expression of these proteins. Furthermore, betaine attenuates LPS-induced decreases of TJ proteins both shown by Western blot (WB) and Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The immunofluorescent images consistently revealed that LPS induced the disruption of TJ protein Claudin-1 and reduced its expression while betaine could reverse these alterations. Similar protective role of betaine on intestinal barrier function was observed by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) approach. Conclusion In conclusion, our research demonstrated that betaine attenuated LPS-induced downregulation of Occludin and Claudin-1 and restored the intestinal barrier function.