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A strategy that informs on countries’ potential losses due to lack of climate action may facilitate global climate governance. Here, we quantify a distribution of mitigation effort whereby each country is economically better off than under current climate pledges. This effort-sharing optimizing approach applied to a 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming threshold suggests self-preservation emissions trajectories to inform NDCs enhancement and long-term strategies. Results show that following the current emissions reduction efforts, the whole world would experience a washout of benefit, amounting to almost 126.68–616.12 trillion dollars until 2100 compared to 1.5 °C or well below 2 °C commensurate action. If countries are even unable to implement their current NDCs, the whole world would lose more benefit, almost 149.78–791.98 trillion dollars until 2100. On the contrary, all countries will be able to have a significant positive cumulative net income before 2100 if they follow the self-preservation strategy. The emission allocation strategies of global scenarios do not specify the potential benefits from extra climate mitigation efforts. Here the authors show that compared to the current Nationally Distributed Contributions, the proposed self-preservation strategy might generate 126–616 trillion dollars of additional benefits by 2100.

This study presents a glucose biosensor based on electrospun core–sheath nanofibers. Two types of film were fabricated using different electrospinning procedures. Film F1 was composed solely of core–sheath nanofibers fabricated using a modified coaxial electrospinning process. Film F2 was a double-layer hybrid film fabricated through a sequential electrospinning and blending process. The bottom layer of F2 comprised core–sheath nanofibers fabricated using a modified process, in which pure polymethacrylate type A (Eudragit L100) was used as the core section and water-soluble lignin (WSL) and phenol were loaded as the sheath section. The top layer of F2 contained glucose oxidase (GOx) and gold nanoparticles, which were distributed throughout the polyvinylpyrrolidone K90 (PVP K90) nanofibers through a single-fluid blending electrospinning process. The study investigated the sequential electrospinning process in detail. The experimental results demonstrated that the F2 hybrid film had a higher degradation efficiency of β-D-glucose than F1, reaching a maximum of over 70% after 12 h within the concentration range of 10–40 mmol/L. The hybrid film F2 is used for colorimetric sensing of β-D-glucose in the range of 1–15 mmol/L. The solution exhibited a color that deepened gradually with an increase in β-D-glucose concentration. Electrospinning is flexible in creating structures for bio-cascade reactions, and the double-layer hybrid film can provide a simple template for developing other sensing nanomaterials.

Artificial nanomotors are nanoscale machines capable of converting surrounding other energy into mechanical motion and thus entering the tissues and cells of organisms. They hold great potential to revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of diseases by actively targeting the lesion location, though there are many new challenges that arise with decreasing the size to nanoscale. This review summarizes and comments on the state‐of‐the‐art artificial nanomotors with advantages and limitations. It starts with the fabrication methods, including common physical vapor deposition and colloidal chemistry methods, followed by the locomotion characterization and motion manipulation. Then, the in vitro and in vivo biomedical applications are introduced in detail. The challenges and future prospects are discussed at the end. An overview of recent developments on the fabrication, locomotion characterization, motion manipulation, and biomedical applications of nanomotors has been presented. With continued attention and innovation, it is believed that, in the future, nanomotors will innovate biomedical applications.

One of the most important trends in developments in electrospinning is to combine itself with traditional materials production and transformation methods to take advantage of the unique properties of nanofibers. In this research, the single-fluid blending electrospinning process was combined with the casting film method to fabricate a medicated double-layer hybrid to provide a dual-phase drug controlled release profile, with ibuprofen (IBU) as a common model of a poorly water-soluble drug and ethyl cellulose (EC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K60 as the polymeric excipients. Electrospun medicated IBU-PVP nanofibers (F7), casting IBU-EC films (F8) and the double-layer hybrid films (DHFs, F9) with one layer of electrospun nanofibers containing IBU and PVP and the other layer of casting films containing IBU, EC and PVP, were prepared successfully. The SEM assessments demonstrated that F7 were in linear morphologies without beads or spindles, F8 were solid films, and F9 were composed of one porous fibrous layer and one solid layer. XRD and FTIR results verified that both EC and PVP were compatible with IBU. In vitro dissolution tests indicated that F7 were able to provide a pulsatile IBU release, F8 offered a typical drug sustained release, whereas F9 were able to exhibit a dual-phase controlled release with 40.3 ± 5.1% in the first phase for a pulsatile manner and the residues were released in an extended manner in the second phase. The DHFs from a combination of electrospinning and the casting method pave a new way for developing novel functional materials.

Background Two-level osteotomy has emerged as an effective technique for addressing severe kyphosis secondary to ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Despite its efficacy, there remains a lack of consensus regarding the criteria for determining the necessity of two-level osteotomy. This study aimed to investigate precise and direct preoperative predictors for selection of two-level osteotomy in patients with severe AS kyphosis. Methods A retrospective cohort of 101 AS patients was analyzed, including 33 patients who underwent two-level modified pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) and 68 patients who underwent one-level modified PSO. Radiographic parameters, including pelvic tilt, pelvic incidence (PI), sacral slope (SS), lumbar lordosis (LL), thoracic kyphosis (TK), global kyphosis (GK), sagittal vertical axis (SVA), chin-brow vertical angle (CBVA), and osteotomized vertebral angle, were measured. Clinical outcomes were assessed using Oswestry Disability Index and Scoliosis Research Society-22 questionnaire. Comparative analyses of radiographic and clinical outcomes were conducted across different patient groups. Preoperative predictors for selecting two-level osteotomy were identified through receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis and logistic regression analysis. Results Patients undergoing two-level osteotomy exhibited significantly higher preoperative parameters of SS, LL, TK, GK, SVA, and CBVA compared to those receiving one-level osteotomy ( P  < 0.05). Notably, CBVA, GK, and SVA were identified as the most influential parameters influencing the selection of two-level osteotomy, with optimal threshold values of 63.9°, 91.1°, and 25.4 cm, respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed CBVA and GK as independent predictors for selecting two-level osteotomy ( P  < 0.05). Patients undergoing lumbar region two-level osteotomy demonstrated larger SVA ( P  < 0.05) and pelvic incidence (PI; P  = 0.267), whereas those with thoracic and lumbar osteotomy exhibited increased TK ( P  = 0.465). All patients achieved favorable clinical outcomes at final follow-up ( P  < 0.05). Conclusions Preoperative CBVA, GK, and SVA are key parameters influencing the selection of two-level modified PSO for AS kyphosis. Specifically, preoperative CBVA > 63.9° and GK > 91.1° serve as independent predictors, with SVA > 25.4 cm acting as an auxiliary criterion. The choice of osteotomy sites is predominantly influenced by preoperative SVA, PI, and TK measurements. Level of evidence Level IV, therapeutic study.

Fosmidomycin (FOS) is a naturally occurring compound active against the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) enzyme in the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, and using it as a template for lead structure design is an effective strategy to develop new active compounds. In this work, by replacing the hydroxamate unit of FOS with pyrazole, isoxazole and the related heterocycles that also have metal ion binding affinity, while retaining the monophosphonic acid in FOS or replacing it with a bisphosphonic acid group, heterocycle-containing mono- and bisphosphonic acid compounds as FOS analogs were designed. The key steps involved in the facile synthesis of these FOS analogs included the Michael addition of diethyl vinylphosphonate or tetraethyl vinylidenebisphosphonate to β-dicarbonyl compounds and the subsequent cyclic condensation with hydrazine or hydroxylamine. Two additional isoxazolinone-bearing FOS analogs were synthesized via the Michaelis–Becker reaction with diethyl phosphite as a key step. The bioactivity evaluation on model plants demonstrated that several compounds have better herbicidal activities compared to FOS, with the most active compound showing a 3.7-fold inhibitory activity on Arabidopsis thaliana, while on the roots and stalks of Brassica napus L. and Echinochloa crus-galli in a pre-emergence inhibitory activity test, the activities of this compound were found to be 3.2- and 14.3-fold and 5.4- and 9.4-fold, respectively, and in a post-emergency activity test on Amaranthus retroflexus and Echinochloa crus-galli, 2.2- and 2.0-fold inhibition activities were displayed. Despite the significant herbicidal activity, this compound exhibited a DXR inhibitory activity lower than that of FOS but comparable to that of other non-hydroxamate DXR inhibitors, and the dimethylallyl pyrophosphate rescue assay gave no statistical significance, suggesting that a different target might be involved in the inhibiting process. This work demonstrates that using bioisosteric replacement can be considered as a valuable strategy to discover new FOS analogs that may have high herbicidal activities.

Osteoporosis has become an increasingly pressing global public health challenge. Monoclonal antibody romosozumab (ROMO), which targets sclerostin (SOST), a critical inhibitor of bone formation, demonstrates considerable therapeutic efficacy. However, its relatively high cost and potential cardiovascular risks may hinder broader clinical application. Current preventive measures remain inadequate. This study presents a novel, cost-effective osteoporosis vaccine with dual preventive and therapeutic capabilities, derived from the high-affinity binding epitope of ROMO to SOST. ELISA screening determined that the SOST region within loop3 domain serves as the primary epitope for ROMO, suggesting a role in skeletal regulation with minimal impact on cardiovascular system. SOST was conjugated to the diphtheria toxin translocation domain (DTT) to create novel SOST-targeted vaccines. Immunogenicity assays demonstrated that both DDT-SOST (DS ) and DDT-SOST (DS ) elicited strong IgG2 antibody responses comparable to ROMO. Molecular docking studies indicated strong affinities of DS and DS for Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), enhancing TLR2-mediated humoral B-cell immunity and eliciting synergistic T-helper cell responses. Recombinant expression in Escherichia coli confirmed the successful production of DS and DS , with molecular weights of 31.8 kDa and 40.3 kDa, respectively. experiments showed that the vaccines effectively induced high-titer anti-SOST antibodies in mice, overcoming immune tolerance. Additionally, cell-based assays indicated that antiserum from vaccinated mice inhibited osteoclast differentiation and promoted osteoblast mineralization. The SOST-targeted vaccination strategy offers a promising and cost-effective approach for the early prevention and sustained management of osteoporosis, demonstrating substantial potential for clinical translation.

Wetlands are a critical component of the global biogeochemical cycle and have great potential for carbon sequestration under the changing climate. However, previous studies have mainly focused on the dynamics of soil organic carbon while paying little attention to the vegetation carbon storage in wetlands. Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China, where intra-annual and inter-annual variations in water levels significantly affect the vegetation carbon storage in the floodplain wetland. Therefore, we assessed the seasonal distribution and carbon storage of six typical plant communities (Arundinella hirta, Carex cinerascens, Miscanthus lutarioriparius, Persicaria hydropiper, Phalaris arundinacea, and Phragmites australis) in Poyang Lake wetlands from 2019 to 2024 based on field surveys, the literature, and remote sensing data. Then, we used 16 preseason meteorological and hydrological variables for two growing seasons to investigate the impacts of environmental factors on vegetation carbon storage based on four correlation and regression methods (including Pearson and partial correlation, ridge, and elastic net regression). The results show that the C. cinerascens community was the most dominant contributor to vegetation carbon storage, occupying 12.68% to 44.22% of the Poyang Lake wetland area. The vegetation carbon storage in the Poyang Lake wetland was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in spring (87.75 × 104 t to 239.10 × 104 t) than in autumn (77.32 × 104 t to 154.78 × 104 t). Water body area emerged as a key explanatory factor, as it directly constrains the spatial extent available for vegetation colonization and growth by alternating inundation and exposure. In addition, an earlier start or end to floods could both enhance vegetation carbon storage in spring or autumn. However, preseason precipitation and temperature are negative to carbon storage in spring but exhibited opposite effects in autumn. These results assessed the seasonal dynamics of dominant vegetation communities and helped understand the response of the wetland carbon cycle under the changing climate.

Background Severe kyphosis is a common condition in patients with advanced ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Although two-level osteotomy may serve as a potential alternative, it is often associated with increased blood loss and elevated surgical risks. To date, the optimal treatment for the challenging condition remains unclear. This study aims to introduce an effective strategy for the treatment of severe kyphosis secondary to AS, using one-level modified osteotomy combined with shoulders lifting correction method. Methods Seventy AS kyphosis who were treated with the strategy from 2012 to 2022, were reviewed retrospectively. All patients were followed up for a minimum duration of 2 years. Spinal and pelvic parameters were measured, including pelvic tilt (PT), pelvic incidence (PI), sacral slope (SS), lumber lordosis (LL), PI and LL mismatch (PI-LL), thoracic kyphosis, global kyphosis (GK), T1 pelvic angle (TPA), sagittal vertical axis (SVA), osteotomized vertebral angle (OVA), and chin-brow vertical angle (CBVA). Parameters of local osteotomized complex were measured and calculated, including the height of osteotomized complex and the length of spinal cord shortening. Clinical outcome was evaluated using Scoliosis Research Society-22 and Oswestry Disability Index scores. Results Seventy patients with average age of 39.8 years were followed-up for 29.3 months. Average operation time was 373.5 min, and average blood loss was 751.0 ml. Postoperatively, sagittal balance was successfully restored. GK decreased from 90.6° to 35.6°, LL decreased from 8.0° to -35.1°, TPA decreased from 56.8° to 27.8°, and SVA decreased from 24.4 cm to 8.7 cm ( P  < 0.05). A harmonious and matched spinopelvic alignment was achieved. PT decreased from 37.2° to 26.3°, PI-LL decreased from 54.1° to 10.2°, and SS increased from 9.2° to 19.7°( P  < 0.05). Horizontal vision was obtained with postoperative CBVA of 8.8°. Average OVA correction was up to 47.3°, and the spinal cord was shortened by 24.3 mm, with a shortening rate of 36.0%. All patients demonstrated a favorable clinical outcome. No permanent nerve damage, screw loosening, rod breakage and main vascular injury were observed. One case required revision surgery due to screw cap loosening and delayed union. Solid bone fusion was achieved in all other patients. Conclusions One-level modified osteotomy combined with shoulders lifting correction method is a safe and effective strategy for the treatment of severe AS kyphosis. This strategy offers a promising alternative for managing severe AS kyphosis, and may be particularly well-suited for individuals with concurrent osteoporosis. Level of evidence Level IV, therapeutic study.

To thoroughly investigate the mechanisms behind coal and gas outbursts in folded structural areas, we conducted similarity simulation experiments using a custom‐built apparatus designed to replicate these structures. The objective was to analyze the stress distribution characteristics of coal rock masses under horizontal structural stress within folded zones. The experimental outcomes reveal that, under horizontal loading, shear cracks progressively develop along layer directions within the anticline wing, anticline axis, and syncline axis, evolving continuously along the interlayer direction. In these folded structures, horizontal stress consistently remains compressive, with the highest compressive stress concentrations observed at the anticline axis, followed by the wings and turning points of the anticline, and the lowest in the syncline axis area. The stress coefficient ( k ) in the anticline axis reached values as high as 3.18, while the syncline axis exhibited much lower stress concentrations, with k values of 0.66. Vertically, the anticline axis and its wings primarily experience tensile stress, whereas the syncline and its wings mainly undergo vertical compressive stress. The anticline axis region, subjected to horizontal structural stress, tends to develop tension cracks, which adversely affect gas retention. The combination of horizontal tension and vertical tensile stress in this region reduces the risk of coal and gas outbursts. Conversely, the syncline axis area, experiencing triaxial compressive stress, exhibits a higher degree of stress concentration and superior gas sealing capacity, rendering it more vulnerable to coal and gas outbursts. These findings provide essential insights for refining coal mining methodologies in fold structures, particularly for addressing the safety challenges posed by coal and gas outbursts.