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Background and Aim Coastal regions of Bangladesh are increasingly impacted by climate‐induced hazards such as salinity intrusion, water scarcity, and cyclones. While these factors adversely affect general public health, their specific impact on menstrual health remains underexplored. This study investigates how climate change exacerbates menstrual health challenges among women and adolescent girls in Gabura Union, a highly vulnerable area in Shyamnagar, Satkhira, Bangladesh. Methodology A qualitative design was adopted, combining 24 in‐depth interviews (IDIs) with women aged 13–49 and 6 key informant interviews (KIIs) with health professionals and NGO workers. Additionally, for short interview 5 married men aged 38 to 45 were interviewed to gain male perspectives on water, sanitation, and menstrual‐related challenges. Participants were selected purposively to reflect varied age groups, occupations, and exposure levels. Data were analyzed thematically using interview transcripts, and climate‐health links were strengthened by integrating visual mapping and contextual geographic information such as salinity‐prone zones, cyclone exposure, and water scarcity patterns in the study area. Results The findings reveal a direct link between climate stressors and compromised menstrual hygiene. Saline water use causes infections and discomfort; lack of private WASH facilities leads to shame and social isolation; and poor nutrition due to climate‐induced crop loss contributes to menstrual irregularities. Healthcare barriers, cultural stigma, and a lack of institutional support further worsen the situation. Five major thematic domains emerged: hygiene constraints, water access issues, nutritional deficits, psychosocial stress, and limited healthcare. Conclusion This study introduces menstrual health as a critical yet overlooked dimension of climate vulnerability by drawing on two intersecting conceptual lenses: intersectionality and the climate justice framework. These perspectives allow for a nuanced understanding of how overlapping social identities and structural inequalities exacerbate the climate‐related menstrual health burdens of marginalized women in coastal regions. The study's novelty lies in its community‐based evidence, grounded in these theoretical frameworks.

Heart disease remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, necessitating the development of accurate and reliable predictive models to facilitate early detection and intervention. While state of the art work has focused on various machine learning approaches for predicting heart disease, but they could not able to achieve remarkable accuracy. In response to this need, we applied nine machine learning algorithms XGBoost, logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, k-nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), gaussian naïve bayes (NB gaussian), adaptive boosting, and linear regression to predict heart disease based on a range of physiological indicators. Our approach involved feature selection techniques to identify the most relevant predictors, aimed at refining the models to enhance both performance and interpretability. The models were trained, incorporating processes such as grid search hyperparameter tuning, and cross-validation to minimize overfitting. Additionally, we have developed a novel voting system with feature selection techniques to advance heart disease classification. Furthermore, we have evaluated the models using key performance metrics including accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC AUC). Among the models, XGBoost demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving 99% accuracy, precision, F1-Score, 98% recall, and 100% ROC AUC. This study offers a promising approach to early heart disease diagnosis and preventive healthcare.

A series of methyl β-D-galactopyranoside (MGP, 1) analogs were selectively acylated with cinnamoyl chloride in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide/triethylamine to yield 6-O-substitution products, which was subsequently converted into 2,3,4-tri-O-acyl analogs with different acyl halides. Analysis of the physicochemical, elemental, and spectroscopic data of these analogs revealed their chemical structures. In vitro antimicrobial testing against five bacteria and two fungi and the prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) showed promising antifungal functionality comparing to their antibacterial activities. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests were conducted for four compounds (4, 5, 6, and 9) based on their activity. MTT assay showed low antiproliferative activity of compound 9 against Ehrlich’s ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells with an IC50 value of 2961.06 µg/mL. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to calculate the thermodynamic and physicochemical properties whereas molecular docking identified potential inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (6Y84). A 150-ns molecular dynamics simulation study revealed the stable conformation and binding patterns in a stimulating environment. In-silico ADMET study suggested all the designed molecules to be non-carcinogenic, with low aquatic and non-aquatic toxicity. In summary, all these antimicrobial, anticancer and in silico studies revealed that newly synthesized MGP analogs possess promising antiviral activity, to serve as a therapeutic target for COVID-19.

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first oncogenic human retrovirus identified in humans which infects at least 10–15 million people worldwide. Large HTLV-1 endemic areas exist in Southern Japan, the Caribbean, Central and South America, the Middle East, Melanesia, and equatorial regions of Africa. HTLV-1 TAX viral protein is thought to play a critical role in HTLV-1 associated diseases. We have used numerous bio-informatics and immuno-informatics implements comprising sequence and construction tools for the construction of a 3D model and epitope prediction for HTLV-1 Tax viral protein. The conformational linear B-cell and T-cell epitopes for HTLV-1 TAX viral protein have been predicted for their possible collective use as vaccine candidates. Based on in silico investigation two B cell epitopes, KEADDNDHEPQISPGGLEPPSEKHFR and DGTPMISGPCPKDGQPS spanning from 324–349 and 252–268 respectively; and T cell epitopes, LLFGYPVYV, ITWPLLPHV and GLLPFHSTL ranging from 11–19, 163–171 and 233–241 were found most antigenic and immunogenic epitopes. Among different vaccine constructs generated by different combinations of these epitopes our predicted vaccine construct was found to be most antigenic with a score of 0.57. T cell epitopes interacted strongly with HLA-A*0201 suggesting a significant immune response evoked by these epitopes. Molecular docking study also showed a high binding affinity of the vaccine construct for TLR4. The study was carried out to predict antigenic determinants of the Tax protein along with the 3D protein modeling. The study revealed a potential multi epitope vaccine that can raise the desired immune response against HTLV-1 and be useful in developing effective vaccines against Human T-lymphotropic virus.

This study investigated how interactive teaching, constructive feedback, technology use, and teacher-student relationships influence student participation in Bangladeshi universities. Using a quantitative, cross-sectional design, data were collected from 417 students across public and private universities through structured questionnaires. Analyses using descriptive statistics, Spearman’s correlation, ANOVA, and regression models tested ten hypotheses. Results showed significant positive associations between interactive teaching and participation (ρ = 0.386, p  < .001), and between teacher feedback and motivation (ρ = 0.415, p  < .001). Technology use was positively associated with both interactive teaching and student participation, indicating a mediating relationship. The findings suggest that technology use is more strongly associated with participation when combined with interactive pedagogy and emotional support. However, not all hypotheses were supported; particularly the moderation effect of technology use (H₅), and demographic differences by gender and academic discipline (H₈, H₉), which were not statistically significant. Despite limitations such as self-reported data and a single-country focus, the study contributes to understanding how pedagogy, technology, and relational factors jointly foster engagement. It offers practical insights for educators and policymakers to design more interactive, inclusive, and motivating learning environments.

Background and Aims Menstrual health is a critical yet often overlooked component of public health, especially in low‐resource, climate‐vulnerable coastal regions. This study aimed to assess the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) related to menstruation among women and adolescent girls in East Kharia village under Paikgacha Upazila, Khulna District, Bangladesh, and to analyze the influence of key demographic variables on these KAP components. Methods A community‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted involving 120 female respondents systematically selected using Cochran's formula to ensure adequate sample representation. Structured questionnaires containing validated binary and Likert‐scale items were administered to capture KAP dimensions. Scores were computed to generate KAP indices and analyzed across demographic categories such as education level, occupation, marital status, and age group (women vs. adolescent girls). Results The study revealed moderately high knowledge levels across most groups, while attitudes and especially hygienic practices lagged behind. Manual laborers and participants with lower educational attainment showed notably poorer practices. Women demonstrated slightly higher attitude and practice scores than adolescent girls. The data underscore how educational background and occupation significantly shape menstrual health behaviors. Conclusion The findings highlight persistent gaps in menstrual health education and substantial demographic disparities in hygienic practices. This demographic‐specific KAP profile provides essential evidence to design targeted menstrual health interventions tailored for climate‐sensitive coastal areas of Bangladesh.

Even a brief exposure to severe stress strengthens synaptic connectivity days later in the amygdala, a brain area implicated in the affective symptoms of stress-related psychiatric disorders. However, little is known about the synaptic signaling mechanisms during stress that eventually culminate in its delayed impact on the amygdala. Hence, we investigated early stress-induced changes in amygdalar synaptic signaling in order to prevent its delayed effects. Whole-cell recordings in basolateral amygdala (BLA) slices from rats revealed higher frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) immediately after 2-h immobilization stress. This was replicated by inhibition of cannabinoid receptors (CB₁R), suggesting a role for endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling. Stress also reduced N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA), an endogenous ligand of CB₁R. Since stress-induced activation of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) reduces AEA, we confirmed that oral administration of an FAAH inhibitor during stress prevents the increase in synaptic excitation in the BLA soon after stress. Although stress also caused an immediate reduction in synaptic inhibition, this was not prevented by FAAH inhibition. Strikingly, FAAH inhibition during the traumatic stressor was also effective 10 d later on the delayed manifestation of synaptic strengthening in BLA neurons, preventing both enhanced mEPSC frequency and increased dendritic spine-density. Thus, oral administration of an FAAH inhibitor during a brief stress prevents the early synaptic changes that eventually build up to hyperexcitability in the amygdala. This framework is of therapeutic relevance because of growing interest in targeting eCB signaling to prevent the gradual development of emotional symptoms and underlying amygdalar dysfunction triggered by traumatic stress.

Carbohydrate esters are significant in medicinal chemistry because of their efficacy for the synthesis of biologically active drugs. In the present study, methyl β-D-galactopyranoside (MGP) was treated with various acyl halides to produce 6-O-acyl MGP esters by direct acylation method with an excellent yield. To obtain newer products for antimicrobial assessment studies, the 6-O-MGP esters were further modified into 2,3,4-tri-O-acyl MGP esters containing a wide variety of functionalities in a single molecular framework. The chemical structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by analyzing their physicochemical, elemental, and spectroscopic data. In vitro antimicrobial testing against five bacteria and two fungi and the prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) revealed that these MGP estes have promising antifungal functionality compared to their antibacterial activities. The antimicrobial tests demonstrated that the compounds 3 and 10 were the most potent against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli strains, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.352 ± 0.02 to 0.703 ± 0.01 mg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranging from 0.704 ± 0.02 to 1.408 ± 0.04 mg/ml. Density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/3-21G level of theory was employed to enumerate, frontier orbital energy, enthalpy, free energy, electronic energy, MEP, dipole moment which evaluated the effect of certain groups (aliphatic and aromatic) on drug properties. They discovered that all esters were more thermodynamically stable than the parent molecule. Molecular docking is performed using AutoDock Vina to determine the binding affinities and interactions between the MGP esters and the SARS-CoV-2 main protease. The modified esters strongly interact with the prime Cys145, His41, MET165, GLY143, THR26, and ASN142 residues. The MGP esters’ shape and ability to form multiple electrostatic and hydrogen bonds with the active site match other minor-groove binders’ binding modes. The molecular dynamics simulation validates the molecular docking results. The pharmacokinetic characterization of the optimized inhibitor demonstrates that these MGP esters appear to be safer inhibitors and a combination of in silico ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) prediction and drug-likeness had promising results due to their improved kinetic properties. Structure activity relationships (SAR) study including in vitro and silico results revealed that the acyl chain, palmitoyl (C16) and 4-chlorobenzoyl (4.ClC6H4CO-) in combination with sugar were found the most potential activates against human and fungal pathogens. After all, our comprehensive computational and statistical analysis shows that these selected MGP esters can be used as potential inhibitors against the SARS-CoV-2.

Background Menstruation is a natural biological process, yet it remains heavily stigmatized and misunderstood in many communities, particularly in rural and coastal regions. In Bangladesh, gender norms, cultural taboos, and environmental challenges like saline water contribute to the neglect of menstrual health, especially in coastal areas. Aim This study aims to explore the knowledge, perceptions, and involvement of coastal males in women's menstrual health and hygiene, focusing on how environmental stressors, such as water salinity, impact menstrual practices. Method A phenomenological qualitative approach was used to conduct in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews with 50 adult males (aged 18 and above) from East Kharia village, Khulna District, Bangladesh. Data were analyzed thematically to uncover the key factors influencing men's understanding and support of menstrual health. Results The findings reveal that many participants had limited knowledge about the biological aspects of menstruation, largely influenced by myths and informal learning. Cultural silence surrounding menstruation was prevalent, with most men avoiding discussions on the topic. Environmental barriers, such as saline water, were identified as exacerbating menstrual health issues. Emotional detachment and lack of support for women during menstruation were common, though a subset of younger, more educated men showed emerging empathy and a shift toward recognizing menstruation as a shared family responsibility. Conclusion The study highlights significant gaps in male knowledge and involvement in menstrual health, compounded by cultural taboos and environmental stressors. It calls for gender‐sensitive education and policies that encourage male participation in menstrual hygiene management, as well as addressing the unique challenges faced by coastal communities in managing menstrual health.