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The national capital of Indonesia is in the early stages of relocation from the island of Java to East Kalimantan; Indonesia’s new capital city (Ibu Kota Negara; IKN) will be called Nusantara. The development of IKN will utilise the concept of a forest city representing the lowland forest of Borneo containing its rich biodiversity. To realize this concept, sufficient data and information regarding the status of tree diversity in this area is required. To provide this information, research was conducted in sample plots totaling 20.75 ha spread over eight locations in East Kalimantan. The selection of priority tree species for rehabilitation was carried out by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method with the criteria of conservation status, endemicity, climax species, distribution, food potential, ethnobotanical potential, animal food, and tree growth rates. In the sample plots, we found 5,745 trees representing 571 species with the family Dipterocarpaceae dominating, followed by Euphorbiaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Malvaceae and Annonaceae. Based on the priority categories of restoration, most of the species proposed for planting belong to the Dipterocarpaceae, in the genera Anisoptera (2 species), Anthoshorea (2 species), Cotylelobium (1 species), Dipterocarpus (3 species), Dryobalanops (1 species), Hopea (3 species), Richetia (3 species), Rubroshorea (7 species), Shorea (4 species), and Vatica (4 species). Hopea rudiformis is a Critically Endangered and Borneo endemic species with the highest score, and the only species included in 1 st priority, followed by 14 species in 2 nd priority, 62 species in 3 rd priority, and the remainder in 4 th priority. About 18% of tree species with potential food sources can be planted to meet the 10% target of forest cover to contribute to food security in IKN. Samboja Research Forest, Sungai Wain Protection Forest, and Bangkirai Hill are forested areas with high tree species diversity and can act as a source of seeds for the IKN nursery.

Birds are important components of karst forests. Their presence can be an indicator for habitat occupied. We identified bird communities in the karst forests of Teluk Sumbang, East Kalimantan. Bird sampling was done in hill karst forests and coastal karst forests. We employed a point count method by following transects. Observers walked constantly along transect and stopped every distance of ±200 m to record all sighted birds for 10-15 min. We found 89 bird species: 67 bird species were identified in hill karst forest and 33 bird species were recorded in coastal karst forests. Eleven bird species were found in both study sites. The score of diversity, species richness, and evenness indices of hill karst forests was higher than that in coastal karst. A t-test revealed that there was a significant difference in diversity index between coastal and hill karst (T = 2.016, p = 0.039). Birds characterized by a wide range of distribution and were able to adapt to various types of environments, particularly secondary forests, were most dominant. Nevertheless, the karst forests of Teluk Sumbang were also essential habitat for threatened and protected bird species. Keywords: Birds communities, Karst forests, Secondary forests, Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat.

Revegetation of post-mining land with local species has been carried out by coal mining companies in East Kalimantan. However, the information about plant species that can adapt to post-mining land environments is still limited. Therefore, PT Bara Tabang, as a coal mining company, has established a demonstration plot for planting local species in post-coal mining areas. The purpose is to add information on local species that can adapt to the post-mining environment. There were 7 species planted, that is Vitex pinnata , Syzygium polyanthum , Schima wallichii , Shorea balangeran , Melaleuca cajuputi , Syzygium sp., and Hopea mengarawan . 100 plants were planted for each species with the addition of 1 kg of compost for each plant. Observations for six months showed that the survival rate of local species was still above 90%, except for H. mengerawan that only 13%. The species of plants that showed the best growth in height and diameter at 6 months of age were M. leucadendron with 8.08 cm and 0.16 cm respectively. Sc. wallichii showed the lowest growth in height and diameter of 1.60 cm and 0.05 cm respectively at 6 months of age.

Coal mining production in East Kalimantan use open mining methods that changes ecosystem performance. After mining activity, the company is obligate to restore and rehabilitate the area to improve the land conditions. The study aims to evaluate plant performance in four different plants age to give brief information in restoration and rehabilitation in post coal mining land. Four different ages of two species, Falcataria falcata and Enterolobium cyclocarpum , were measured for diameter, height, and survival rate in the 0.25 ha of the plot sample. The measurement indicated that Falcataria falcata could reach diameter and height rate per year in 2.89 centimetres and 2.08 meters, respectively. As comparison, The Enterolobium cyclocarpum diameter performance could reach 3.54 centimetres per year; however, height performances only reach 1.75 meter per year. The first species indicated better indication for the standing performance; however, the other species indicated better performance in the canopy cover that could be advantage for soil micro climate and water conservation.

Coal production that conducted open mining techniques transformed the ecosystem and was followed by the degradation of land quality. After the activity, biodiversity loss and water and soil damage occur in the ecosystem. This study observed the potential of endangered trees as essential elements of the ecosystem that experienced negative impacts after the coal mining activity and how to improve the situation. Vegetation analysis was conducted with eight line of plotted stripe random sampling, and followed with calculation of IVI, diversity index, and evenness index. Tree identification in the 3.2 ha of sample plot in the forest area of the coal mining concession indicated that there are 224 species of trees and 17 species are endangered with the domination of the Dipterocarpaceae family and one species is protected. Collection of seedlings and saplings of the species, followed by transferring the plants into the arboretum area developed to protect tree species in the surrounding area, could be a solution to ensure the species’ existence. Using seedlings and saplings as enrichment species in the restoration and rehabilitation area are also an application of biodiversity offset that is part of sustainable biodiversity management in the mining industry.

Orangutans depend on social learning for the acquisition of survival skills. The development of skills is not usually assessed in rescued orphans’ pre-release. We collected data of seven orphans over an 18-months-period to monitor the progress of ontogenetic changes. The orphans, 1.5–9 years old, were immersed in a natural forest environment with human surrogate mothers and other orphans. Social interactions deviated significantly from those of wild mother-reared immatures. Infants spent more time playing socially with peers, at the expense of resting and solitary play. Infants were also more often and at an earlier age distant from their human surrogate mothers than wild immatures are from their biological mothers. We found important changes towards an orangutan-typical lifestyle in 4- to 7-year-old orphans, corresponding to the weaning age in maternally reared immatures. The older orphans spent less time interacting with human surrogate mothers or peers, started to use the canopy more than lower forest strata and began to sleep in nests in the forest. Their time budgets resembled those of wild adults. In conclusion, juvenile orphans can develop capacities that qualify them as candidates for release back into natural habitat when protected from humanising influences and immersed in a species-typical environment.

For critically endangered species, restorative conservation becomes increasingly important. Successful re-introduction of rescued wild orangutan orphans requires rehabilitation mimicking maternal rearing in the wild. Feeding competence—what to eat, where and when to find food—needs to be learned before re-introduction. We observed seven orphans (2–10 years old) for a period of 3 years during their rehabilitation at the Yayasan Jejak Pulang forest school. Of the 111 plant genera eaten by the orphans, 92 percent were known orangutan food plants. Five plant genera were eaten by all orphans in over 90 percent of the months within the observation period. The Fruit Availability Index (FAI) was used to predict which parts of a plant were consumed by the orphans. We found that the orphans ate primarily fruit when the FAI was high, but consumed more young leaves, cambium, and pith when FAI was low. Thus, the orphans exhibited food choices very similar to mature wild orangutans and appropriate to forest productivity. The orphans’ acquisition of feeding competence was facilitated by their immersion into a natural forest environment in combination with possibilities for observational learning from conspecifics as well as caregivers modelling food processing and consumption.

Less than half of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions remain in the atmosphere. While carbon balance models imply large carbon uptake in tropical forests, direct on-the-ground observations are still lacking in Southeast Asia. Here, using long-term plot monitoring records of up to half a century, we find that intact forests in Borneo gained 0.43 Mg C ha −1 per year (95% CI 0.14–0.72, mean period 1988–2010) in above-ground live biomass carbon. These results closely match those from African and Amazonian plot networks, suggesting that the world’s remaining intact tropical forests are now en masse out-of-equilibrium. Although both pan-tropical and long-term, the sink in remaining intact forests appears vulnerable to climate and land use changes. Across Borneo the 1997–1998 El Niño drought temporarily halted the carbon sink by increasing tree mortality, while fragmentation persistently offset the sink and turned many edge-affected forests into a carbon source to the atmosphere. The existence of a pan-tropical forest carbon sink remains uncertain due to the lack of data from Asia. Here, using direct on-the-ground observations, the authors confirm remaining intact forests in Borneo have provided a long-term carbon sink, but carbon net gains are vulnerable to drought and edge effects.

Understanding how the traits of lineages are related to diversification is key for elucidating the origin of variation in species richness. Here, we test whether traits are related to species richness among lineages of trees from all major biogeographical settings of the lowland wet tropics. We explore whether variation in mortality rate, breeding system and maximum diameter are related to species richness, either directly or via associations with range size, among 463 genera that contain wet tropical forest trees. For Amazonian genera, we also explore whether traits are related to species richness via variation among genera in mean species-level range size. Lineages with higher mortality rates-faster life-history strategies-have larger ranges in all biogeographic settings and have higher mean species-level range sizes in Amazonia. These lineages also have smaller maximum diameters and, in the Americas, contain dioecious species. In turn, lineages with greater overall range size have higher species richness. Our results show that fast life-history strategies influence species richness in all biogeographic settings because lineages with these ecological strategies have greater range sizes. These links suggest that dispersal has been a key process in the evolution of the tropical forest flora.

The original version of this Article contained an error in the third sentence of the abstract and incorrectly read \"Here, using long-term plot monitoring records of up to half a century, we find that intact forests in Borneo gained 0.43 Mg C ha year (95% CI 0.14-0.72, mean period 1988-2010) above-ground live biomass\", rather than the correct \"Here, using long-term plot monitoring records of up to half a century, we find that intact forests in Borneo gained 0.43 Mg C ha year (95% CI 0.14-0.72, mean period 1988-2010) in above-ground live biomass carbon\". This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.