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Recently, a concept known as μTRISTAN, which involves the acceleration of μ+, has been proposed. This initiative has led to considerations of a new design for a neutrino factory. Additionally, leveraging the polarization of μ+, measurements of T violation in neutrino oscillations are also being explored. In this paper, we present analytical expressions for T violation in neutrino oscillations within the framework of standard three-flavor neutrino oscillations, a scenario involving nonstandard interactions, and a case of unitarity violation. We point out that examining the energy spectrum of T violation may be useful for probing new physics effects.

The sensitivity of the atmospheric neutrino experiments to the non-standard flavor-dependent interaction in neutrino propagation is studied under the assumption that the only nonvanishing components of the non-standard matter effect are the electron and tau neutrino components εee, εeτ, εττ and that the tau-tau component satisfies the constraint eττ = |εeτ| 2/(1 + εee) which is suggested from the high energy behavior for atmospheric neutrino data.

Our previous study involving 314 highland crop species demonstrated that kaempferol, a flavonoid present in higher amounts in these species, significantly enhances mitochondrial metabolism and cellular ATP production in myoblasts under limited oxygen conditions. Notably, biologically active substances in these plants, such as phytochemicals, may help improve the health and physical strength of highland residents. Therefore, we hypothesized that kaempferol would affect oxygen availability during exercise and exercise performance in vivo. This randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover study aimed to assess the effect of a single kaempferol intake (10 mg) on cardiopulmonary response during submaximal exercises (25%, 50%, and 75% VO2max) and maximal and super‐maximal endurance capacities (100% and 125% VO2max) in 16 well‐trained male university athletes using constant‐load exercise tests (VO2max 57.5 ± 5.4 mL·kg−1 min−1). Kaempferol significantly reduced the VO2 and respiratory rate during 25%, 50%, and 75% VO2max exercises (p < 0.05 vs. placebo) without elevating the respiratory quotient and blood lactate. It also significantly increased the exercise duration at 100% VO2max (p < 0.05 vs. placebo). Overall, we demonstrated for the first time that a single intake of kaempferol could reduce oxygen uptake (demand/cost) during constant‐load submaximal exercise and extend time‐to‐exhaustion during maximal exercise. UMIN Clinical Trials Registry in Japan: UMIN000049589.

The sensitivity to the sterile neutrino mixing at very short baseline reactor neutrino experiments is investigated. In the case of conventional (thermal neutron) reactors it is found that the sensitivity is lost for ∆ m 2 ≳ 1 eV 2 due to smearing of the reactor core size. On the other hand, in the case of an experimental fast neutron reactor Joyo, because of its small size, sensitivity to sin 2 2 θ 14 can be as good as 0.03 for ∆ m 2  ∼ several eV 2 with the Bugey-like detector setup.

To investigate whether anemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and renal events in hypertensive outpatients, we performed a subgroup analysis of the ATTEMPT-CVD study based on baseline hemoglobin. The ATTEMPT-CVD study was a multicenter, prospective, randomized study of hypertensive outpatients that compared the efficacy of angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)-based antihypertensive treatment with non-ARB antihypertensive treatment over 3 years. In the present subanalysis, ATTEMPT-CVD study participants (n = 1213) were categorized into the anemic group and nonanemic group according to their baseline hemoglobin. We compared the anemic and nonanemic groups mainly in regard to the incidence of cardiovascular and renal events and blood pressure. We also performed a multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis to determine the prognostic factors that were independently associated with cardiovascular and renal events. Of the 1213 patients enrolled in the ATTEMPT-CVD, 194 patients had anemia (mostly mild anemia) and 1019 patients did not. Blood pressure was well-controlled during the 3 years of antihypertensive therapy in both the anemic and nonanemic groups. However, the incidence of cardiovascular and renal events was significantly greater in the anemic group than in the nonanemic group (HR = 1.945: 95%CI 1.208-3.130; P = 0.0062). Even after adjustment, anemia was independently associated with cardiovascular and renal events (HR = 1.816: 95%CI 1.116-2.955; P = 0.0163) in overall hypertensive patients with well-controlled blood pressure. Anemia, even mild anemia, is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and renal events in hypertensive outpatients whose blood pressure is well-controlled. Thus, anemia may be a novel therapeutic target for cardiovascular and renal diseases in hypertensive outpatients with anemia.

Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) in the mouse subventricular zone (SVZ) serve as a lifelong reservoir for newborn olfactory bulb neurons. Recent studies have identified a slowly dividing subpopulation of embryonic neural stem-progenitor cells (NPCs) as the embryonic origin of adult NSCs. Yet, little is known about how these slowly dividing embryonic NPCs are maintained until adulthood while other NPCs are extinguished by the completion of brain development. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential component of stem cell niches and thus a key determinant of stem cell fate. Here we investigated tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)—regulators of ECM remodeling—for their potential roles in the establishment of adult NSCs. We found that Timp2 , Timp3 , and Timp4 were expressed at high levels in slowly dividing NPCs compared to rapidly dividing NPCs. Deletion of TIMP3 reduced the number of adult NSCs and neuroblasts in the lateral SVZ. In addition, overexpression of TIMP3 in the embryonic NPCs suppressed neuronal differentiation and upregulated the expression levels of Notch signaling relating genes. These results thus suggest that TIMP3 keeps the undifferentiated state of embryonic NPCs, leading to the establishment and maintenance of adult NSCs.

The sensitivity of the atmospheric neutrino experiments to the nonstandard flavor-dependent interaction in neutrino propagation is studied under the assumption that only nonvanishing components of the nonstandard matter effect are the electron and tau neutrino components ϵee, and ϵeτ, ϵττ and that the tau-tau component satisfies the constraint ϵττ=|ϵeτ|2/(1+ϵee) which is suggested from the high energy behavior for atmospheric neutrino data. It is shown that the Super-Kamiokande (SK) data for 4438 days constrains |tanβ|≡|ϵeτ/(1+ϵee)|≲0.8 at 2.5σ (98.8%) CL whereas the future Hyper-Kamiokande experiment for the same period of time as SK will constrain as |tanβ|≲0.3 at 2.5σCL from the energy rate analysis and the energy spectrum analysis will give even tighter bounds on ϵee and |ϵeτ|.

Neutrino oscillation phenomenology is briefly reviewed, and the impact of the late Professor Masatoshi Koshiba on research on the neutrino oscillation is discussed from the viewpoint of phenomenology.

Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase 1 Mediates Cellular Senescence Induced by High Glucose in Endothelial Cells Toyohiko Yokoi 1 , Keisuke Fukuo 2 , Osamu Yasuda 1 , Mizuo Hotta 3 , Junichi Miyazaki 3 , Yukihiro Takemura 1 , Hidenobu Kawamoto 1 , Hidenori Ichijo 4 and Toshio Ogihara 1 1 Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Gradate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan 2 Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya, Japan 3 Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan 4 Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Address correspondence and reprint requests to Keisuke Fukuo, MD, PhD, Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, 6-46 Ikebiraki-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8558, Japan. E-mail: fukuo{at}mwu.mukogawa-u.ac.jp Abstract Vascular ageing is accelerated in patients with diabetes. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that high glucose induces activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), an apoptosis-inducing signal that mediates endothelial cell senescence induced by hyperglycemia. High glucose induced a time-dependent increase in the levels of ASK1 expression and its activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Incubation of endothelial cells with high glucose increased the proportion of cells expressing senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity. However, transfection with an adenoviral construct including a dominant negative form of ASK1 gene significantly inhibited SA-β-gal activity induced by high glucose. In addition, infection with an adenoviral construct expressing the constitutively active ASK1 gene directly induced an increase in the levels of SA-β-gal activity. Activation of the ASK1 signal also enhanced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in HUVECs. Induction of senescent endothelial cells in aortas and elevation of plasma PAI-1 levels were observed in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic mice, whereas these changes induced by STZ were attenuated in ASK1-knockout mice. Our results suggest that hyperglycemia accelerates endothelial cell senescence and upregulation of PAI-1 expression through activation of the ASK1 signal. Thus, ASK1 may be a new therapeutic target to prevent vascular ageing and thrombosis in diabetic patients. ASK1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 CA-ASK1, constitutively active form of ASK1 DN-ASK1, dominant negative form of ASK1 HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell MAP, mitogen-activated protein PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 SA-β-gal, senescence-associated β-galactosidase STZ, streptozotocin Footnotes Accepted March 1, 2006. Received December 12, 2005. DIABETES

Abstract We discuss the analytical expression of the oscillation probabilities at low energy long baseline experiments, such as Tokai to HyperKamiokande (T2HK) and Tokai to HyperKamioka and Korea (T2HKK), in the presence of nonstandard interactions (NSIs). We show that these experiments are advantageous in the exploration of the NSI parameters ($\\epsilon_D$, $\\epsilon_N$), which were suggested to be nonvanishing to account for the discrepancy between the solar neutrino and Kamioka Liquid scintillator Anti-Neutrino Detector data. We also show that, when the NSI parameters are small, parameter degeneracy in the CP phase $\\delta$, $\\epsilon_D$ and $\\epsilon_N$ can be resolved by combining data of the T2HK and T2HKK experiments.