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Age and wounding are two major determinants for regeneration. In plants, the root regeneration is triggered by woundinduced auxin biosynthesis. As plants age, the root regenerative capacity gradually decreases. How wounding leads to the auxin burst and how age and wound signals collaboratively regulate root regenerative capacity are poorly understood. Here, we show that the increased levels of three closely-related miR156-targeted Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) transcription factors, SPL2, SPL10, and SPL11, suppress root regeneration with age by inhibiting wound-induced auxin biosynthesis. Mechanistically, we find that a subset of APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) transcription factors including ABSCISIC ACID REPRESSOR1 and ERF109 is rapidly induced by wounding and serves as a proxy for wound signal to induce auxin biosynthesis. In older plants, SPL2/10/11 directly bind to the promoters of AP2/ERFs and attenuates their induction, thereby dampening auxin accumulation at the wound. Our results thus identify AP2/ERFs as a hub for integration of age and wound signal for root regeneration.

The transition from conventional fossil-fueled buses to electric buses (EBs) is accelerating in the global public transportation sector. However, owing to the limitations of battery lifespan and capacity, EBs have a shorter driving range than conventional buses, and their power consumption is highly variable depending on the ambient temperature. In addition, battery lifespans are affected by charging and discharging cycles and battery age over time in all situations, which requires a method of operation that considers these factors. In this study, we estimated the driving, heating, and cooling energy consumptions based on the dispatch schedule and actual power consumption of EBs. The estimated energy consumption was then used as an input to plan the amount of charging power by time of day to optimize the charging and battery degradation costs. The optimization methodology employed mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), which facilitates discrete charging decision-making and ensures an optimum solution for operation costs by taking cost factors into account. In this phase, the scenarios were configured according to the time-of-use (TOU) charging cost and whether or not battery degradation. Battery degradation can be divided into cycle and calendar aging. The scenarios that considered both TOU and battery degradation reduced the average operating costs by approximately 1.43, 12.3, and 5.69% in spring/fall, summer, and winter, respectively, compared with scenarios that did not consider either.

Highlights Full-scale structure fabric across 0.3-25 μm was fabricated for enhanced sunlight reflectance (94%) and reduced mid-infrared reflectance (6%). Transmission (25%) and emission (81%) characteristics for thermal radiation release. Indoor and outdoor cooling fabric in personal thermal management. Radiative cooling fabric creates a thermally comfortable environment without energy input, providing a sustainable approach to personal thermal management. However, most currently reported fabrics mainly focus on outdoor cooling, ignoring to achieve simultaneous cooling both indoors and outdoors, thereby weakening the overall cooling performance. Herein, a full-scale structure fabric with selective emission properties is constructed for simultaneous indoor and outdoor cooling. The fabric achieves 94% reflectance performance in the sunlight band (0.3–2.5 µm) and 6% in the mid-infrared band (2.5–25 µm), effectively minimizing heat absorption and radiation release obstruction. It also demonstrates 81% radiative emission performance in the atmospheric window band (8–13 µm) and 25% radiative transmission performance in the mid-infrared band (2.5–25 μm), providing 60 and 26 W m −2 net cooling power outdoors and indoors. In practical applications, the fabric achieves excellent indoor and outdoor human cooling, with temperatures 1.4–5.5 °C lower than typical polydimethylsiloxane film. This work proposes a novel design for the advanced radiative cooling fabric, offering significant potential to realize sustainable personal thermal management.

Neuroinflammation, a key contributor to neurodegenerative diseases, results from excessive microglial activation. Microglia that respond to pathogenic molecules switch to the M1 type and secrete various immune cytokines, which can cause neuronal damage. Therefore, our study focused on molecules that can enhance the neuroprotective role of microglia and reduce neuronal damage. The adipocyte enhancer-binding protein 1 (AEBP1) gene is known for its role in regulating immune responses in macrophages. However, its role in neuroinflammation has not been fully explored. Therefore, we investigated the role of AEBP1 in microglial cells activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). First, we confirmed that AEBP1 is expressed in LPS-activated microglia and demonstrated that downregulation of AEBP1 using shRNA in activated microglia reduced the immune response via the nuclear factor-kappa-B (NFκB) pathway. These results promote a shift toward neuroprotective M2 microglia, thereby reducing neuronal damage. Next, we confirmed that the expression of AEBP1 was elevated in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mice. Additionally, animal experiments to assess the therapeutic effects of AEBP1 showed that microglia gathered around amyloid beta (Aβ) and reduced its size. Taken together, our results provide the first evidence that AEBP1 can reduce inflammatory activity in microglia, suggesting its potential as a target molecule for immunotherapy.

This study analyzed the effects of male age and abstinence time on semen quality and explored the best abstinence time for Chinese males among different age groups. Semen parameters, including sperm kinetics, morphology, and DNA fragmentation index (DFI), were reviewed from 2952 men. Samples were divided into six age groups (≤25 years, 26-30 years, 31-35 years, 36-40 years, 41-45 years, and >45 years) and were divided into six groups according to different abstinence time (2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, and 7 days). The differences in semen quality between the groups were compared, and the effect of age and abstinence time on semen quality was analyzed. Significant differences were observed in semen volume, progressive motility (PR), and DFI among the age groups (all P < 0.05), and no significant differences were observed in sperm morphological parameters (all P > 0.05). There were significant differences in semen volume, PR, and DFI among different abstinence time groups (all P < 0.05) and no significant differences in sperm morphological parameters (all P > 0.05). Pearson analysis showed that male age and abstinence time were both significantly correlated with sperm kinetics and DFI (both P < 0.05), while no significant correlation was found with sperm morphological parameters (all P > 0.05). The box plots and histograms of men's age, abstinence time, and semen quality show that most semen quality parameters differ significantly between the 2 days and 7 days abstinence groups and other groups at different ages. Except for the sperm morphology parameters, sperm kinetic parameters and sperm DFI are linearly related to male age and abstinence time.

We have studied the charge and spin thermopower systematically in a ferromagnetic junction of graphene-like zigzag nanoribbon modified by two on-site disorders in the tight-binding model. Symmetries of the transmission spectra and geometry configuration of the two disorders are important factors in determining the thermoelectric properties of the system. Conditions to achieve pure charge and pure spin thermopower are discussed from the perspective of symmetry. Symmetry breaking is required sometimes to obtain large figure of merit. The type and strength of the disorders can be used to further manipulate the spin polarization of thermal current. Disorders inside nanoribbon instead of on edge can then be used to finely tune the performance of the junction. The results may have great application value in designing thermoelectric devices.

We explored the correlation between the presence of isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) mutations and the incidence of postoperative epilepsy in patients with glioblastoma, as well as assessed the efficacy of preemptive administration of antiepileptic medications in mitigating the occurrence of postoperative epilepsy. Fifty-three patients who received a postoperative pathological diagnosis of glioblastoma, were enrolled in this study. Tumor specimens were subjected to IDH1 gene analysis. The patient cohort was stratified based on their IDH1 mutation status and the administration of prophylactic antiepileptic drugs during the postoperative phase. We subsequently conducted a comparative analysis of postoperative epileptic complications within each patient subgroup. In the cohort of 53 patients under study, the occurrence of epilepsy was observed in 10 out of 21 patients carrying IDH1 mutations, while 5 out of 32 patients with wild-type IDH1 also experienced epilepsy, revealing a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). Among the 27 patients who received prophylactic antiepileptic drugs, 6 of them developed epilepsy, whereas 9 out of 26 patients who did not receive prophylactic antiepileptic drugs exhibited concurrent epilepsy, with no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). However, when performing a subgroup analysis, it was found that 3 out of 12 patients with IDH1 mutations who received prophylactic antiepileptic drugs experienced epilepsy, whereas 7 out of 9 patients who did not receive prophylactic antiepileptic drugs developed epilepsy, demonstrating a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). Furthermore, within the group of 15 patients with wild-type IDH1, 3 patients who received prophylactic antiepileptic drugs developed epilepsy, while 2 cases of epilepsy occurred among the 17 patients who did not receive prophylactic antiepileptic drugs, with no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). In individuals with IDH1 mutant glioblastoma who have undergone surgical resection, the implementation of preventive antiepileptic therapy demonstrates a potential to diminish the occurrence of postoperative epilepsy.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and cold atmospheric plasma can inactivate bacteria via oxidative stress. Here we examined their combined action against Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) using methylene blue (MB)-mediated PDT with a red organic light-emitting diode (OLED) and surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD). Under individual treatments, S. aureus inactivation by both PDT and SDBD varied with MB concentration and exposure time. In the presence of MB, plasma rapidly degraded MB, and the effect of microbial inactivation was reduced compared with MB-free conditions. When PDT and SDBD were applied simultaneously, bacterial reduction increased from approximately 1.4 log at 10 min to 4.8 log at 20 min, while MB decreased markedly. This suggests that early inactivation was dominated by MB-mediated photodynamic action, whereas later inactivation was sustained by secondary reactive species produced from SDBD after MB depletion. Photolysis modeling suggested that OLED emission did not substantially alter plasma-generated reactive species, supporting a mechanism driven by time-dependent changes in liquid chemistry rather than gas-phase interference. Acute NIH/3T3 screening showed reduced metabolic activity, indicating the need for cytocompatible dose optimization. These results provide a mechanistic basis for time-dependent pathway shifts during combined MB-PDT and SDBD.

Advanced hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐related hepatocellular carcinoma HCC with poor prognosis is often associated with chronic inflammation, immune tolerance, and marked heterogeneity. The interleukin‐6 (IL‐6)/JAK/STAT3 signal pathways play multiple regulatory roles in modulating inflammation and immunity in cancers. Polarization of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) is involved in HBV‐related immunosuppression and CD8+ T‐cell activation through ERK/IL‐6/STAT3. Icaritin is a small molecule that has displayed anticancer activities through IL‐6/JAK/STAT3 pathways in tumor cells and immune cells including CD8+ T cells, MDSCs, neutrophils, and macrophages. This study aimed to confirm icaritin immunomodulation in advanced HBV‐related HCC patients with poor prognosis. Immunomodulation of MDSCs was evaluated in BALB/c mice in vivo. Immunomodulation of serum cytokines and a panel of immune checkpoint proteins were assessed in HBV‐related, histologically confirmed HCC patients. Poor prognostic characteristics included HBV infection, bulky tumors, Child‐Pugh B classification, and metastasis. Clinical end‐points included safety, tumor response, and overall survival (OS). Icaritin treatment‐induced dynamics of serum cytokines IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, and tumor necrosis factor‐α, and soluble immune checkpoint proteins TIM3, LAG3, CD28, CD80, and CTLA‐4 were assessed. No grade III/IV treatment‐related adverse events were observed. Time‐to‐progression was significantly associated with the prognostic factors. Improved survival was observed in the advanced HCC patients with dynamic changes of cytokines, immune checkpoint proteins, and immune cells. Median OS (329‐565 days) was significantly correlated with baseline hepatitis B surface antigen positivity, cytokines, tumor neoantigens, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection. Composite biomarker scores of high‐level α‐fetoprotein and T helper type I (Th1)/Th2 cytokines associated with favorable survival warrant further clinical development of icaritin as an alternative immune‐modulatory regimen to treat advanced HCC patients with poor prognosis. Advanced hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is often associated with chronic inflammation, liver injury, immune tolerance, and poor clinical outcomes. Due to drug toxicity and side‐effects, current targeted drugs including sorafenib are unfortunately not favorable treatment options, particularly for those advanced HCC patients with poor prognosis. Herbal‐derived natural small molecule icaritin showed anticancer immunomodulatory efficacy with superior safety and improved survival associated with coordinated immune dynamics. Composite biomarkers associated with favorable survival would warrant further clinical development of icaritin as an alternative “natural compound” immune therapy in advanced HBV‐related HCC patients with poor prognosis.