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101 قصة للاجانب للتعرف على الشعب الصيني
يعد هذا الكتاب معرفة شاملة عن كيفية التفاعل اجتماعيا وثقافيا مع الشعب الصيني ومن خلال هذا الكتاب سيتم الاطلاع على مجموعة من الحكايات والقصص الثقافية والتي تبلغ 101 قصة ثقافية لشرح الآداب والعادات والتقاليد الصينية اليومية للأجانب حيث جاء الكتاب بصورة سهلة ومسلية في نفس الوقت وليس كخطاب أكاديمي أو بحث علمي.
BOOK
Room-temperature antiferromagnetic memory resistor
The bistability of ordered spin states in ferromagnets provides the basis for magnetic memory functionality. The latest generation of magnetic random access memories rely on an efficient approach in which magnetic fields are replaced by electrical means for writing and reading the information in ferromagnets. This concept may eventually reduce the sensitivity of ferromagnets to magnetic field perturbations to being a weakness for data retention and the ferromagnetic stray fields to an obstacle for high-density memory integration. Here we report a room-temperature bistable antiferromagnetic (AFM) memory that produces negligible stray fields and is insensitive to strong magnetic fields. We use a resistor made of a FeRh AFM, which orders ferromagnetically roughly 100 K above room temperature, and therefore allows us to set different collective directions for the Fe moments by applied magnetic field. On cooling to room temperature, AFM order sets in with the direction of the AFM moments predetermined by the field and moment direction in the high-temperature ferromagnetic state. For electrical reading, we use an AFM analogue of the anisotropic magnetoresistance. Our microscopic theory modelling confirms that this archetypical spintronic effect, discovered more than 150 years ago in ferromagnets, is also present in AFMs. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of fabricating room-temperature spintronic memories with AFMs, which in turn expands the base of available magnetic materials for devices with properties that cannot be achieved with ferromagnets.
Magnetic memory devices are typically based on ferromagnetic materials. Now, a memory resistor based on the antiferromagnetic alloy FeRh is demonstrated at room temperature.
Journal Article
تعرف إلى عادات الشعب الصيني
يبين هذا الكتاب الاختلافات الثقافية بين الصينيين والغربيين، لكنه يذكرنا أيضاً بوجود الكثير من أوجه الشبه. فنحن نملك جميعاً أحلاماً وطموحات ورغبات، ونحتاج جميعاً إلى أن نحظى بالحب والاحترام. ونريد جميعاً السلام والاستقرار، وكذلك حياة أفضل لأنفسنا ولعائلاتنا، كل شعار ألعاب بيجيغ الأولمبية لسنة 2008 هو عالم واحد، حلم واحد وهذا يشير إلى أن الأشخاص من ثقافات مختلفة يملكون العديد من الأهداف نفسها، وإنما يستخدمون طرقاً مختلفة لبلوغها.
Book
Thinning and volume loss of the Arctic Ocean sea ice cover: 2003-2008
We present our best estimate of the thickness and volume of the Arctic Ocean ice cover from 10 Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) campaigns that span a 5‐year period between 2003 and 2008. Derived ice drafts are consistently within 0.5 m of those from a submarine cruise in mid‐November of 2005 and 4 years of ice draft profiles from moorings in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas. Along with a more than 42% decrease in multiyear (MY) ice coverage since 2005, there was a remarkable thinning of ∼0.6 m in MY ice thickness over 4 years. In contrast, the average thickness of the seasonal ice in midwinter (∼2 m), which covered more than two‐thirds of the Arctic Ocean in 2007, exhibited a negligible trend. Average winter sea ice volume over the period, weighted by a loss of ∼3000 km3 between 2007 and 2008, was ∼14,000 km3. The total MY ice volume in the winter has experienced a net loss of 6300 km3 (>40%) in the 4 years since 2005, while the first‐year ice cover gained volume owing to increased overall area coverage. The overall decline in volume and thickness are explained almost entirely by changes in the MY ice cover. Combined with a large decline in MY ice coverage over this short record, there is a reversal in the volumetric and areal contributions of the two ice types to the total volume and area of the Arctic Ocean ice cover. Seasonal ice, having surpassed that of MY ice in winter area coverage and volume, became the dominant ice type. It seems that the near‐zero replenishment of the MY ice cover after the summers of 2005 and 2007, an imbalance in the cycle of replenishment and ice export, has played a significant role in the loss of Arctic sea ice volume over the ICESat record.
Journal Article
Interface control of bulk ferroelectric polarization
The control of material interfaces at the atomic level has led to novel interfacial properties and functionalities. In particular, the study of polar discontinuities at interfaces between complex oxides lies at the frontier of modern condensed matter research. Here we employ a combination of experimental measurements and theoretical calculations to demonstrate the control of a bulk property, namely ferroelectric polarization, of a heteroepitaxial bilayer by precise atomic-scale interface engineering. More specifically, the control is achieved by exploiting the interfacial valence mismatch to influence the electrostatic potential step across the interface, which manifests itself as the biased-voltage in ferroelectric hysteresis loops and determines the ferroelectric state. A broad study of diverse systems comprising different ferroelectrics and conducting perovskite underlayers extends the generality of this phenomenon.
Journal Article
Treatment of actinic keratosis: a systematic review
Treatment of actinic keratoses (AKs) can help lower the risk of eventual skin cancer and address field pre-cancerization. This review compares the different therapeutic options for actinic keratosis. Databases used include Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library from inception to December 2019. Randomized control trials that were related to any approved or recognized treatment for actinic keratosis were included. 1186 studies were found, of which 80 with 6748 patients were included in the analysis. A network meta-analysis was not possible due to interstudy heterogeneity. The greatest degree of improvement was seen with photodynamic therapy (PDT) used adjunctively with other modalities, but this was not significantly different compared to other treatments. PDT, cryotherapy, imiquimod, ingenol mebutate (IMB), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and ablative fractional laser (AFXL), were all non-inferior to one another in terms of percent clearance of AKs, but the lowest rates of clearance were seen with diclofenac sodium. When results were substratified by body site, 5-FU, combination PDT and combination 5-FU with calcipotriol were the most beneficial for AKs on the head and neck, although they often caused the highest proportion of initial side effects. Absence of randomized control trials for surgical treatments and non-ablative laser limits comparison of these treatments to other modalities. Limitations include the lack of standardized outcome reporting limited the comparability of results across trials. The results of this analysis do not account for individual patient risk or cumulative risk for development of skin cancer. At present, PDT, cryotherapy, imiquimod, IMB, 5-FU, TCA, AFXL, and combination treatments are similarly efficacious in reducing AKs in immunocompetent patients.
Registration: N/A.
Journal Article
Anisotropic magnetoresistance in an antiferromagnetic semiconductor
Recent studies in devices comprising metal antiferromagnets have demonstrated the feasibility of a novel spintronic concept in which spin-dependent phenomena are governed by an antiferromagnet instead of a ferromagnet. Here we report experimental observation of the anisotropic magnetoresistance in an antiferromagnetic semiconductor Sr
2
IrO
4
. Based on
ab initio
calculations, we associate the origin of the phenomenon with large anisotropies in the relativistic electronic structure. The antiferromagnet film is exchange coupled to a ferromagnet, which allows us to reorient the antiferromagnet spin-axis in applied magnetic fields via the exchange spring effect. We demonstrate that the semiconducting nature of our AFM electrode allows us to perform anisotropic magnetoresistance measurements in the current-perpendicular-to-plane geometry without introducing a tunnel barrier into the stack. Temperature-dependent measurements of the resistance and anisotropic magnetoresistance highlight the large, entangled tunabilities of the ordinary charge and spin-dependent transport in a spintronic device utilizing the antiferromagnet semiconductor.
The change in the electrical properties of a ferromagnetic under the influence of a magnetic field depends strongly on field orientation. Marti
et al.
now show that this so-called anisotropic magnetoresistance is also evident in antiferromagnetic semiconductors, making them useful in spintronics.
Journal Article
Acquired ichthyosis: a clinical review
Acquired ichthyosis (AI) is a rare, nonhereditary cutaneous disorder that has been associated with numerous neoplastic, infectious, drugs, endocrine, metabolic, autoimmune, and malabsorptive diseases. Review all demographical, clinical, histological, and therapeutic features of AI and focus on all reported associated diseases. We performed a systematic literature review in Pubmed/Medline, Embase, and Cochrane collaboration databases, searching for all articles on AI, with no limits on publication date, participant age, sex or nationality. Eighty-four articles were included. Total number of included patients was 167 patients with a mean age at presentation of 39 years [range 0.5–85] and a sex ratio M:F of 5:2. The most common malignancy associated with AI is Hodgkin’s lymphoma. AI occurred before, simultaneously or after the onset of malignancy or systemic disease. The severity of AI depends on the severity of the underlying disorder and regresses once the disease goes into remission and may also be a marker of disease recurrence or relapse. 8% have been reported to be drug related and all occurred weeks to months after drug intake and resolved after stopping or decreasing the dose of the drug. Data were derived from case reports and observational studies. Limitations include the accuracy of published data, potential patient selection, and reporting bias. AI can be associated with numerous systemic diseases and drugs. Physicians should be particularly alert to these associations to provide adequate screening and management of patients with AI.
Journal Article
On the effect of an out-of-plane constraint on the three-dimensional crack front fields in a thin elastic plate
Two-dimensional theories of fracture are still applied widely today and provide theoretical foundations for solutions to many practical problems. These two-dimensional theories are based on the plane strain or plane stress assumption. However, strictly speaking, for a thin elastic plate with a through-thickness crack under tension, plane strain conditions can be met only at the crack front (except the corn point) and plane stress conditions exist at a distance of about one half of the plate thickness from the crack front in the mid-plane. What are the stress fields in the region where both plane strain and plane stress conditions cannot be met? In this paper, further investigations into the problem are carried out. Three-dimensional Maxwell stress functions, the principle of minimum complementary potential energy and three-dimensional
J
-integrals are employed to obtain an analytical solution to depict the relationship among out-of-plane constraints, three-dimensional
J
-integrals and stress intensity factors. Three-dimensional finite element simulations with fine meshes are carried out to verify the analytical results. Compared with the corresponding plane strain solution, the solution proposed is valid in a larger region.
Journal Article
Comment on “The efficiency of risedronate in reducing bone resorption after total hip arthroplasty: a meta-analysis of randomized control trials at a minimum of 6 months’ follow-up”
[...]this is a meta-analysis of randomized control trials (RCTs), while the authors used Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) scale to assess the methodological quality of the included studies in methods section, which was obviously incorrect. Furthermore, we noticed that two studies [2, 3] in the meta-analysis came from the same cohort. [...]extracting duplicate data from both literatures for analysis would be more likely to increase the bias and lead to an incorrect conclusion. [...]with the continuous action of stress shielding and the discontinuation of risedronate, its efficacy against bone resorption still has a great dispute in the medium or long-term follow-up.
Journal Article