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"Yoo, J."
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Caring across generations : the linked lives of Korean American families
\"More than 1.3 million Korean Americans live in the United States, the majority of them foreign-born immigrants and their children, the so-called 1.5 and second generations. While many sons and daughters of Korean immigrants outwardly conform to the stereotyped image of the upwardly mobile, highly educated super-achiever, the realities and challenges that the children of Korean immigrants face in their adult lives as their immigrant parents grow older and confront health issues that are far more complex. In Caring Across Generations, Grace J. Yoo and Barbara W. Kim explore how earlier experiences helping immigrant parents navigate American society have prepared Korean American children for negotiating and redefining the traditional gender norms, close familial relationships, and cultural practices that their parents expect them to adhere to as they reach adulthood. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 137 second and 1.5 generation Korean Americans, Yoo & Kim explore issues such as their childhood experiences, their interpreted cultural traditions and values in regards to care and respect for the elderly, their attitudes and values regarding care for aging parents, their observations of parents facing retirement and life changes, and their experiences with providing care when parents face illness or the prospects of dying. A unique study at the intersection of immigration and aging, Caring Across Generations provides a new look at the linked lives of immigrants and their families, and the struggles and triumphs that they face over many generations\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Validity and reliability of aortic pulse wave velocity and augmentation index determined by the new cuff-based SphygmoCor Xcel
Aortic pulse wave velocity (AoPWV) and augmentation index (AIx) are commonly used measures of large elastic artery stiffness and wave reflection, respectively. Recently, a new cuff-based SphygmoCor device (Xcel) has been developed to measure both AoPWV and AIx. We sought to examine the following: (1) the validity of Xcel compared with the well-validated tonometry-based SphygmoCor device (MM3); (2) the intratest and day-to-day reliability of Xcel; (3) the influence of body side (right or left) on Xcel measurements; and (4) the relation of Xcel measurements to carotid artery compliance, distensibility and β-stiffness index. We found that measurements of AoPWV and AIx between Xcel and MM3 were not different (
P
=0.26 and
P
=0.43,
N
=22 and 26, respectively) and were strongly related (
r
=0.85 and 0.75,
P
<0.0001), and based on Bland–Altman plots there was good agreement between them. Intra-test (intraclass correlation=0.996 and 0.983,
P
<0.0001; AoPWV and AIx,
N
=24 and 26, respectively) and day-to-day reliability (intraclass correlation=0.979 and 0.939,
P
<0.0001) were high. Xcel AoPWV and AIx on the left versus right body side were not different (
P
=0.19 and
P
=0.58,
N
=14 and 15, respectively) and were highly correlated (
r
=0.99 and 0.94,
P
<0.0001). AoPWV and AIx measured with Xcel were positively related with β-stiffness index (
r
=0.62 and 0.51,
P
⩽0.005,
N
=23 and 24, respectively) and negatively related with distensibility (
r
=−0.58 and −0.44, P⩽0.02,
N
=23 and 24, respectively). In conclusion, Xcel measures of AIx and AoPWV are valid, highly reliable and not affected by body side. Xcel is a useful tool for use in research and the clinic.
Journal Article
Precisely printable and biocompatible silk fibroin bioink for digital light processing 3D printing
Although three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology has gained much attention in the field of tissue engineering, there are still several significant engineering challenges to overcome, including lack of bioink with biocompatibility and printability. Here, we show a bioink created from silk fibroin (SF) for digital light processing (DLP) 3D bioprinting in tissue engineering applications. The SF-based bioink (Sil-MA) was produced by a methacrylation process using glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) during the fabrication of SF solution. The mechanical and rheological properties of Sil-MA hydrogel proved to be outstanding in experimental testing and can be modulated by varying the Sil-MA contents. This Sil-MA bioink allowed us to build highly complex organ structures, including the heart, vessel, brain, trachea and ear with excellent structural stability and reliable biocompatibility. Sil-MA bioink is well-suited for use in DLP printing process and could be applied to tissue and organ engineering depending on the specific biological requirements.
Although 3D bioprinting technology has gained much attention in the field of tissue engineering, there are still several significant challenges that need to be overcome. Here, the authors present silk fibroin bioink with printability and biocompatibility suited for digital light processing 3D printing.
Journal Article
Biofabrication: A Guide to Technology and Terminology
Biofabrication holds the potential to generate constructs that more closely recapitulate the complexity and heterogeneity of tissues and organs than do currently available regenerative medicine therapies. Such constructs can be applied for tissue regeneration or as in vitro 3D models. Biofabrication is maturing and growing, and scientists with different backgrounds are joining this field, underscoring the need for unity regarding the use of terminology. We therefore believe that there is a compelling need to clarify the relationship between the different concepts, technologies, and descriptions of biofabrication that are often used interchangeably or inconsistently in the current literature. Our objective is to provide a guide to the terminology for different technologies in the field which may serve as a reference for the biofabrication community.
Biofabrication holds great potential in the fields of regenerative medicine and physiological 3D in vitro models by allowing the manufacture of complex tissue constructs with a higher degree of biomimicry to native tissues than do current biomedical solutions.
As the number of biofabrication technologies being developed continues to expand, it is of paramount importance to adopt a concerted terminology framework and avoid generalizations.
The ratio between the spatial resolution and the timescale of manufacture could be considered as a reliable measure to aid in the selection of an appropriate biofabrication technology for a desired application.
Journal Article
Spatiotemporal variations of air pollutants (O 3 , NO 2 , SO 2 , CO, PM 10 , and VOCs) with land-use types
The spatiotemporal variations of surface air pollutants (O3, NO2, SO2, CO, and PM10) with four land-use types, residence (R), commerce (C), industry (I) and greenbelt (G), have been investigated at 283 stations in South Korea during 2002–2013, using routinely observed data. The volatile organic compound (VOC) data at nine photochemical pollutant monitoring stations available since 2007 were utilized in order to examine their effect on the ozone chemistry. The land-use types, set by the Korean government, were generally consistent with the satellite-derived land covers and with the previous result showing anti-correlation between O3 and NO2 in diverse urban areas. The relationship between the two pollutants in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) residence land-use areas was substantially different from that outside of the SMA, probably due to the local differences in vehicle emissions. The highest concentrations of air pollutants in the diurnal, weekly, and annual cycles were found in industry for SO2 and PMPM10, in commerce for NO2 and CO, and in greenbelt for O3. The concentrations of air pollutants, except for O3, were generally higher in big cities during weekdays, while O3 showed its peak in suburban areas or small cities during weekends. The weekly cycle and trends of O3 were significantly out of phase with those of NO2, particularly in the residential and commercial areas, suggesting that vehicle emission was a major source in those areas. The ratios of VOCs to NO2 for each of the land-use types were in the order of I (10.2) > C (8.7) > G (3.9) > R (3.6), suggesting that most areas in South Korea were likely to be VOC-limited for ozone chemistry. The pollutants (NO2, SO2, CO, and PMPM10 except for O3 have decreased, most likely due to the effective government control. The total oxidant values (OX = O3 + NO2) with the land-use types were analyzed for the local and regional (or background) contributions of O3, respectively, and the order of OX (ppb) was C (57.4) > R (53.6) > I (50.7) > G (45.4), indicating the greenbelt observation was close to the background.
Journal Article
Tissue-engineered autologous urethras for patients who need reconstruction: an observational study
Complex urethral problems can occur as a result of injury, disease, or congenital defects and treatment options are often limited. Urethras, similar to other long tubularised tissues, can stricture after reconstruction. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of tissue-engineered urethras using patients' own cells in patients who needed urethral reconstruction.
Five boys who had urethral defects were included in the study. A tissue biopsy was taken from each patient, and the muscle and epithelial cells were expanded and seeded onto tubularised polyglycolic acid:poly(lactide-co-glycolide acid) scaffolds. Patients then underwent urethral reconstruction with the tissue-engineered tubularised urethras. We took patient history, asked patients to complete questionnaires from the International Continence Society (ICS), and did urine analyses, cystourethroscopy, cystourethrography, and flow measurements at 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 months after surgery. We did serial endoscopic cup biopsies at 3, 12, and 36 months, each time in a different area of the engineered urethras.
Patients had surgery between March 19, 2004, and July 20, 2007. Follow-up was completed by July 31, 2010. Median age was 11 years (range 10–14) at time of surgery and median follow-up was 71 months (range 36–76 months). AE1/AE3, α actin, desmin, and myosin antibodies confirmed the presence of cells of epithelial and muscle lineages on all cultures. The median end maximum urinary flow rate was 27·1 mL/s (range 16–28), and serial radiographic and endoscopic studies showed the maintenance of wide urethral calibres without strictures. Urethral biopsies showed that the engineered grafts had developed a normal appearing architecture by 3 months after implantation.
Tubularised urethras can be engineered and remain functional in a clinical setting for up to 6 years. These engineered urethras can be used in patients who need complex urethral reconstruction.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health.
Journal Article
Homoeolog expression bias and expression level dominance in allopolyploid cotton
Allopolyploidy is an evolutionary and mechanistically intriguing process, in that it entails the reconciliation of two or more sets of diverged genomes and regulatory interactions. In this study, we explored gene expression patterns in interspecific hybrid F(1), and synthetic and natural allopolyploid cotton using RNA-Seq reads from leaf transcriptomes. We determined how the extent and direction of expression level dominance (total level of expression for both homoeologs) and homoeolog expression bias (relative contribution of homoeologs to the transcriptome) changed from hybridization through evolution at the polyploid level and following cotton domestication. Genome-wide expression level dominance was biased toward the A-genome in the diploid hybrid and natural allopolyploids, whereas the direction was reversed in the synthetic allopolyploid. This biased expression level dominance was mainly caused by up- or downregulation of the homoeolog from the 'non-dominant' parent. Extensive alterations in homoeolog expression bias and expression level dominance accompany the initial merger of two diverged diploid genomes, suggesting a combination of regulatory (cis or trans) and epigenetic interactions that may arise and propagate through the transcriptome network. The extent of homoeolog expression bias and expression level dominance increases over time, from genome merger through evolution at the polyploid level. Higher rates of transgressive and novel gene expression patterns as well as homoeolog silencing were observed in natural allopolyploids than in F(1) hybrid and synthetic allopolyploid cottons. These observations suggest that natural selection reconciles the regulatory mismatches caused by initial genomic merger, while new gene expression conditions are generated for evaluation by selection.
Journal Article
Structure establishment of three-dimensional (3D) cell culture printing model for bladder cancer
Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture is a valuable method for cell-based research but can provide unpredictable, misleading data about in vivo responses. In this study, we created a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture environment to mimic tumor characteristics and cell-cell interactions to better characterize the tumor formation response to chemotherapy.
We fabricated the 3D cell culture samples using a 3D cell bio printer and the bladder cancer cell line 5637. T24 cells were used for 2D cell culture. Then, rapamycin and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) were used to examine their cancer inhibition effects using the two bladder cancer cell lines. Cell-cell interaction was measured by measuring e-cadherin and n-cadherin secreted via the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
We constructed a 3D cell scaffold using gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and compared cell survival in 3D and 2D cell cultures. 3D cell cultures showed higher cancer cell proliferation rates than 2D cell cultures, and the 3D cell culture environment showed higher cell-to-cell interactions through the secretion of E-cadherin and N-cadherin. Assessment of the effects of drugs for bladder cancer such as rapamycin and BCG showed that the effect in the 2D cell culture environment was more exaggerated than that in the 3D cell culture environment.
We fabricated 3D scaffolds with bladder cancer cells using a 3D bio printer, and the 3D scaffolds were similar to bladder cancer tissue. This technique can be used to create a cancer cell-like environment for a drug screening platform.
Journal Article
Optogenetic activation of intracellular adenosine A2A receptor signaling in the hippocampus is sufficient to trigger CREB phosphorylation and impair memory
Human and animal studies have converged to suggest that caffeine consumption prevents memory deficits in aging and Alzheimer’s disease through the antagonism of adenosine A
2A
receptors (A
2A
Rs). To test if A
2A
R activation in the hippocampus is actually sufficient to impair memory function and to begin elucidating the intracellular pathways operated by A
2A
R, we have developed a chimeric rhodopsin-A
2A
R protein (
optoA
2A
R
), which retains the extracellular and transmembrane domains of rhodopsin (conferring light responsiveness and eliminating adenosine-binding pockets) fused to the intracellular loop of A
2A
R to confer specific A
2A
R signaling. The specificity of the
optoA
2A
R
signaling was confirmed by light-induced selective enhancement of cAMP and phospho-mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-MAPK) (but not cGMP) levels in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells, which was abolished by a point mutation at the C terminal of A
2A
R. Supporting its physiological relevance,
optoA
2A
R
activation and the A
2A
R agonist CGS21680 produced similar activation of cAMP and p-MAPK signaling in HEK293 cells, of p-MAPK in the nucleus accumbens and of c-Fos/phosphorylated-CREB (p-CREB) in the hippocampus, and similarly enhanced long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Remarkably,
optoA
2A
R
activation triggered a preferential p-CREB signaling in the hippocampus and impaired spatial memory performance, while
optoA
2A
R
activation in the nucleus accumbens triggered MAPK signaling and modulated locomotor activity. This shows that the recruitment of intracellular A
2A
R signaling in the hippocampus is sufficient to trigger memory dysfunction. Furthermore, the demonstration that the biased A
2A
R signaling and functions depend on intracellular A
2A
R loops prompts the possibility of targeting the intracellular A
2A
R-interacting partners to selectively control different neuropsychiatric behaviors.
Journal Article