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Solid‐state electrolytes are critical for the development of next‐generation high‐energy and high‐safety rechargeable batteries. Among all the candidates, sodium (Na) superionic conductors (NASICONs) are highly promising because of their evident advantages in high ionic conductivity and high chemical/electrochemical stability. The concept of NASICONs was proposed by Hong and Goodenough et al. in 1976 by reporting the synthesis and characterization of Na1+xZr2(SixP3−x)O12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 3), which has attracted tremendous attention on the NASICONs‐type solid‐state electrolytes. In this review, we are committed to describing the development history of NASICONs‐type solid‐state electrolytes and elucidating the contribution of Goodenough as a tribute to him. We summarize the correlations and differences between lithium‐based and sodium‐based NASICONs electrolytes, such as their preparation methods, structures, ionic conductivities, and the mechanisms of ion transportation. Critical challenges of NASICONs‐structured electrolytes are discussed, and several research directions are proposed to tackle the obstacles toward practical applications. Sodium superionic conductors (NASICONs) with a three‐dimensional framework exhibit high ionic conductivity and stability under air and are a promising candidate for the solid‐state electrolyte. This review illustrates the history, physiochemical properties, challenges, and addresses solutions for NASICONs to guide future research.

Silicon has attracted much attention as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity and rich resource abundance. However, the practical battery use of Si is challenged by its low conductivity and drastic volume variation during the Li uptake/release process. Tremendous efforts have been made on shrinking the particle size of Si into nanoscale so that the volume variation could be accommodated. However, the bare nano-Si material would still pulverize upon (de)lithiation. Moreover, it shows an excessive surface area to invite unlimited growth of solid electrolyte interface that hinders the transportation of charge carriers, and an increased interparticle resistance. As a result, the Si nanoparticles gradually lose their electrical contact during the cycling process, which accounts for poor thermodynamic stability and sluggish kinetics of the anode reaction versus Li. To address these problems and improve the Li storage performance of nano-Si anode, proper structural design should be applied on the Si anode. In this perspective, we will briefly review some strategies for improving the electrochemistry versus Li of nano-Si materials and their derivatives, and show opinions on the optimal design of nanostructured Si anode for advanced LIBs.

In addition to the strong and electromagnetic decay modes, the ψ ( 1 S , 2 S ) and η c ( 1 S , 2 S ) can also decay via the weak interaction. Such weak decays can be detected by the high-luminosity heavy-flavor experiments. At present, some of the semileptonic and nonleptonic J / Ψ weak decays have been measured at BESIII. Researching for these charmonium weak decays to D ( s ) meson can provide a platform to check of the standard model (SM) and probe new physics (NP). So we investigate the semileptonic and nonleptonic weak decays of ψ ( 1 S , 2 S ) and η c ( 1 S , 2 S ) to D ( s ) within the covariant light-front quark model (CLFQM). With form factors of the transitions ψ ( 1 S , 2 S ) → D ( s ) and η c ( 1 S , 2 S ) → D ( s ) calculated under the CLFQM, we predict and discuss some physical observables, such as the branching ratios, the longitudinal polarizations f L and the forward–backward asymmetries A FB . One can find that the Cabibbo-favored semi-leptonic decay channels ψ ( 1 S , 2 S ) → D s - ℓ + ν ℓ with ℓ = e , μ and the nonleptonic decay modes ψ ( 1 S , 2 S ) → D s - ρ + have relatively large branching ratios of the order O ( 10 - 9 ) , which are most likely to be accessible at the future high-luminosity experiments.

Rechargeable batteries with high durability over wide temperature is needed in aerospace and submarine fields. Unfortunately, Current battery technologies suffer from limited operating temperatures due to the rapid performance decay at extreme temperatures. A major challenge for wide-temperature electrolyte design lies in restricting the parasitic reactions at elevated temperatures while improving the reaction kinetics at low temperatures. Here, we demonstrate a temperature-adaptive electrolyte design by regulating the dipole-dipole interactions at various temperatures to simultaneously address the issues at both elevated and subzero temperatures. This approach prevents electrolyte degradation while endowing it with the ability to undergo adaptive changes as temperature varies. Such electrolyte favors to form solvation structure with high thermal stability with rising temperatures and transits to one that prevents salt precipitation at lower temperatures. This ensures stably within a wide temperature range of ‒60 −55 °C. This temperature-adaptive electrolyte opens an avenue for wide-temperature electrolyte design, highlighting the significance of dipole-dipole interactions in regulating solvation structures. High temperature thermal instability and low temperature kinetics sluggishness of electrolytes pose significant barriers towards wide-temperature sodium-ion batteries. Here, the authors report a temperature-adaptive electrolyte by regulating the dipole-dipole interactions at various temperatures.

With the rapid expansion of the global blind box market and its growing share in the online cultural and creative consumption sector, understanding the factors that shape user experience in blind box online purchases has become increasingly important. This study adopts a mixed-methods approach that integrates large-scale text mining with the Kano model and the entropy weight method to systematically identify and prioritize key experience attributes. Based on 18,981 valid consumer reviews collected from major Chinese e-commerce platforms (Tao Bao, Jing Dong, and Su Ning), four core dimensions—product quality, shopping service, price value, and emotional/social interaction—along with 19 specific factors were extracted. The Kano classification results indicate that image–product consistency, logistics speed, and gift or collection-related elements function as must-be attributes; cost-effectiveness, quality consistency, workmanship, authenticity, and unboxing expectations are identified as performance attributes; design safety, packaging robustness, and transportation security are categorized as attractive attributes; while brand labeling, after-sales service, and social sharing are classified as indifferent attributes. Further entropy weight analysis reveals substantial differences in the relative importance and evaluation dispersion of attributes within and across Kano categories. By integrating asymmetric satisfaction effects with information-based importance weighting, the proposed Kano–entropy framework advances a refined prioritization perspective for blind box experience attributes, with practical relevance for decision-making in product, logistics, and service design.

Background Hypertensive heart disease (HHD) majorly contributes to heart failure and mortality. Using the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) database, we investigated the epidemiology of HHD globally, regionally, and nationally between 1990 and 2021. This study aimed to assess trends and cross-country disparities in HHD burden between 1990 and 2021 and predict its progression until 2040. Methods Data on prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and their changes, and HHD risk factor attributions were extracted from the GBD 2021. The burden was analyzed across sociodemographic index (SDI) levels, sex, age groups, and 204 countries/territories. Results The GBD 2021 included 12,505,435.66 prevalent and 25,462,184.71 DALY HHD cases. East Asia had the highest prevalence and DALYs, whereas the lowest SDI regions had the highest age-standardized rates (ASRs). Particularly among elderly females, who were the most affected group. Decomposition analysis revealed that population aging and growth primarily increased DALYs. Frontier analysis showed that the ASR of prevalence and DALYs declined as the SDI increased. Inequality analysis revealed that DALYs (per 100,000) decreased, and the prevalence increased from 1990 to 2021. Predictive analysis indicated that the ASR of DALYs would continuously decline, and prevalence ASR would initially decline and stabilize by 2040. In addition to high body mass index (BMI) and systolic blood pressure, low vegetable and fruit intake were critical risk factors. Conclusions Despite the global decline in the ASR of DALYs for HHD, the prevalence ASR continues to increase, particularly in high SDI regions. Tailored strategies based on regional and national heterogeneity are required to reduce the global HHD burden.

In this work, we investigate the form factors of B c decays into J / Ψ , ψ ( 2 S , 3 S ) , η c , η c ( 2 S , 3 S ) , χ c 0 , χ c 1 , h c , and X (3872) mesons in the covariant light-front quark model (CLFQM). For the purpose of the branching ratio calculation, the form factors of B c → D ( ∗ ) , D s ( ∗ ) transitions are also included. In order to obtain the form factors for the physical transition processes, we need to extend these form factors from the space-like region to the time-like region. The q 2 dependence for each transition form factor is also plotted. Then, using the factorization method, we calculate the branching ratios of 80 B c decay channels with a charmonium involved in each mode. Most of our predictions are comparable to the results given by other approaches. As to the decays with the radially excited-state S-wave charmonia involved, such as ψ ( 2 S , 3 S ) and η c ( 2 S , 3 S ) , two sets of parameters for their light-front wave functions, corresponding to scenario I (SI) and scenario II (SII), are adopted to calculate the branching ratios. By comparing with the future experimental data, one can discriminate which parameters are more favored.

Inter-layer gliding induced phase transitions are widely recognized as the predominant cause of performance degradation in layered oxide positive electrode materials utilized in Na/Li-ion batteries. However, effectively restraining these phase transitions at a fundamental level poses a significant challenge. In this study, we elucidate that gliding at the X2/Y3 (X, Y = P or O) interphase layer can be thermodynamically inhibited through an energetically driven gliding-inhibition mechanism, by systematic structural analysis and correlated energy calculations. Building upon this insight, we propose interphase engineering as an effective approach to mitigate phase transitions. The resulting P2/P3-Na 0.46 Mn 0.9 Ni 0.1 O 2 material, featuring dense and uniform P2/P3 interphases, exhibits notable enhancements in both cycling stability and rate capability. Detailed structure probing conducted through advanced atomic-level electron microscopy and synchrotron X-ray diffraction corroborates the role of the P2/P3 interphase structure in suppressing gliding and phase transition. Furthermore, the widespread applicability of the X2/Y3 interphase concept is validated through the successful implementation in several other extended X2/Y3 interphase materials. These findings provide further understanding of interphase phenomena and suggest a strategy to suppress phase transition in layered positive electrode materials. Layered transition-metal oxides suffer from interlayer gliding induced phase transitions that degrade performance upon sodium (de)intercalation. Here, authors propose interphase engineering to suppress gliding-induced transitions, enhancing structural stability and electrochemical performance in sodium ion batteries.

Owing to the worldwide abundance and low-cost of Na, room-temperature Na-ion batteries are emerging as attractive energy storage systems for large- scale grids. Increasing the Na content in cathode materials is one of the effective ways to achieve high energy density. Prussian blue and its analogues （PBAs） are promising Na-rich cathode materials since they can theoretically store two Na＋ ions per formula unit. However, increasing the Na content in PBAs cathode materials remains a major challenge. Here we show that sodium iron hexacyanoferrate with high Na content can be obtained by simply controlling the reducing agent and reaction atmosphere during synthesis. The Na content can reach as high as 1.63 per formula, which is the highest value for sodium iron hexacyanoferrate. This Na-rich sodium iron hexacyanoferrate demonstrates a high specific capacity of 150 mAh·g^-1 and remarkable cycling performance with 90% capacity retention after 200 cycles. Furthermore, the Na intercalation/ de-intercalation mechanism has been systematically studied by in situ Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis for the first time. The Na-rich sodium iron hexacyanoferrate can function as a plenteous Na reservoir and has great potential as a cathode material for practical Na-ion batteries.

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the toxic heavy metals found widely in the environment. Skin is an important target organ of Cd exposure. However, the adverse effects of Cd on human skin are still not well known. In this study, normal human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) were studied for changes in cell viability, morphology, DNA damage, cycle, apoptosis, and the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related genes (XBP-1, BiP, ATF-4, and CHOP) after exposure to Cd for 24 h. We found that Cd decreased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, with a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 11 µM. DNA damage induction was evidenced by upregulation of the level of γ-H2AX. Furthermore, Cd induced G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner and upregulated the mRNA levels of ER stress biomarker genes (XBP-1, BiP, ATF4, and CHOP). Taken together, our results showed that Cd induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in HaCaT cells, eventually resulting in cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase and apoptosis. In addition, ER stress may be involved in Cd-induced HaCaT apoptosis. Our data imply the importance of reducing Cd pollution in the environment to reduce its adverse impacts on human skin.