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Microbial Community Profiling of Human Saliva Using Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing
Human saliva is clinically informative of both oral and general health. Since next generation shotgun sequencing (NGS) is now widely used to identify and quantify bacteria, we investigated the bacterial flora of saliva microbiomes of two healthy volunteers and five datasets from the Human Microbiome Project, along with a control dataset containing short NGS reads from bacterial species representative of the bacterial flora of human saliva. GENIUS, a system designed to identify and quantify bacterial species using unassembled short NGS reads was used to identify the bacterial species comprising the microbiomes of the saliva samples and datasets. Results, achieved within minutes and at greater than 90% accuracy, showed more than 175 bacterial species comprised the bacterial flora of human saliva, including bacteria known to be commensal human flora but also Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Gamma proteobacteria. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLASTn) analysis in parallel, reported ca. five times more species than those actually comprising the in silico sample. Both GENIUS and BLAST analyses of saliva samples identified major genera comprising the bacterial flora of saliva, but GENIUS provided a more precise description of species composition, identifying to strain in most cases and delivered results at least 10,000 times faster. Therefore, GENIUS offers a facile and accurate system for identification and quantification of bacterial species and/or strains in metagenomic samples.
Journal Article
Consumer psychology : a life span developmental approach
This book approaches consumer psychology from a unique perspective, covering the entire lifespan, from birth to old age. Childhood and youth are not discussed as areas that are special, different or remote from the rest of consumer research but are integrated into our development as humans. Consumption is viewed as a process by groups and individuals, with the cycle continuing through to disposal or ownership and possession. The author discusses how stages in the natural lifespan influences relationships with the things we own, how preferences are developed from childhood and how motivations for purchases change from childhood to old age. This book brings together the most recent findings and theories on child and youth consumption, including children's understandings of advertising and marketing, and teen and youth identities and consumption tastes. Moving through Erikson's life stages, chapters explore adulthood, the mid-life 'crisis' and possessions and ownership in older consumers. This interdisciplinary work will be of interest to scholars across the fields of psychology, business and marketing, as well as to the more general consumer--back cover.
Book
Members of the KCTD family are major regulators of cAMP signaling
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a pivotal second messenger with an essential role in neuronal function. cAMP synthesis by adenylyl cyclases (AC) is controlled by G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling systems. However, the network of molecular players involved in the process is incompletely defined. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9–based screening to identify that members of the potassium channel tetradimerization domain (KCTD) family are major regulators of cAMP signaling. Focusing on striatal neurons, we show that the dominant isoform KCTD5 exerts its effects through an unusual mechanism that modulates the influx of Zn2+ via the Zip14 transporter to exert unique allosteric effects on AC. We further show that KCTD5 controls the amplitude and sensitivity of stimulatory GPCR inputs to cAMP production by Gβγ-mediated AC regulation. Finally, we report that KCTD5 haploinsufficiency in mice leads to motor deficits that can be reversed by chelating Zn2+. Together, our findings uncover KCTD proteins as major regulators of neuronal cAMP signaling via diverse mechanisms.
Journal Article
Runaways omnibus
They were six normal teenagers linked only by their wealthy parents' annual business meeting ... until a chance discovery revealed the shocking truth: their parents are the secret criminal society known as the Pride. For years, the Pride controlled all criminal activity in Los Angeles, ruling the city with an iron fist ... and now, with their true natures exposed, the Pride will take any measures necessary to protect their organization--even if it means taking out their own children. Now on the run from their villainous parents, Nico, Chase, Karolina, Gertrude, Molly and Alex have only each other to rely on.
Book
Bone stress injuries in male distance runners: higher modified Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment scores predict increased rates of injury
ObjectivesBone stress injuries (BSI) are common in runners of both sexes. The purpose of this study was to determine if a modified Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment tool would predict BSI in male distance runners.Methods156 male runners at two collegiate programmes were studied using mixed retrospective and prospective design for a total of 7 years. Point values were assigned using risk assessment categories including low energy availability, low body mass index (BMI), low bone mineral density (BMD) and prior BSI. The outcome was subsequent development of BSI. Statistical models used a mixed effects Poisson regression model with p<0.05 as threshold for significance. Two regression analyses were performed: (1) baseline risk factors as the independent variable; and (2) annual change in risk factors (longitudinal data) as the independent variable.Results42/156 runners (27%) sustained 61 BSIs over an average 1.9 years of follow-up. In the baseline risk factor model, each 1 point increase in prior BSI score was associated with a 57% increased risk for prospective BSI (p=0.0042) and each 1 point increase in cumulative risk score was associated with a 37% increase in prospective BSI risk (p=0.0079). In the longitudinal model, each 1 point increase in cumulative risk score was associated with a 27% increase in prospective BSI risk (p=0.05). BMI (rate ratio (RR)=1.91, p=0.11) and BMD (RR=1.58, p=0.19) risk scores were not associated with BSI.ConclusionA modified cumulative risk assessment tool may help identify male runners at elevated risk for BSI. Identifying risk factors may guide treatment and prevention strategies.
Journal Article
The words : there's more than one way to take a life
\"Struggling writer Rory Jansen (Bradley Cooper) rockets to fame after passing off a brilliant found manuscript as his own, but experiences an acute crisis of conscience after his stint in the spotlight changes him in ways he never expected\"--Allmovie.com, January 26, 2018.
DVD
Pyrimidine homeostasis is accomplished by directed overflow metabolism
Here, the authors identify a previously unknown regulatory strategy used by
Escherichia coli
to control end-product levels of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway: this involves feedback regulation of the near-terminal pathway enzyme UMP kinase, with accumulation of UMP prevented by its degradation to uridine through UmpH, a phosphatase with a previously unknown function.
A metabolic purine safety valve
The control of the concentrations and fluxes of the thousand or so metabolites in a living cell such as
Escherichia coli
occurs via regulation of enzyme concentrations, activities and substrate occupancies.
De novo
pyrimidine biosynthesis has been reported to be regulated at the first committed pathway step (catalysed by aspartate transcarbamoylase) and at the previous (carbamoyl phosphate synthetase) step. Here the authors identify a novel regulatory strategy — an overflow pathway from UMP to uracil — that
E. coli
cells use to avoid the accumulation of an excess of the end products of pyrimidine biosynthesis. The process is analogous to that seen in central carbon metabolism, where excessive sugar catabolism leads to buildup of pyruvate that can be excreted as lactate, ethanol or acetate.
Cellular metabolism converts available nutrients into usable energy and biomass precursors. The process is regulated to facilitate efficient nutrient use and metabolic homeostasis. Feedback inhibition of the first committed step of a pathway by its final product is a classical means of controlling biosynthesis
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
. In a canonical example, the first committed enzyme in the pyrimidine pathway in
Escherichia coli
is allosterically inhibited by cytidine triphosphate
1
,
4
,
5
. The physiological consequences of disrupting this regulation, however, have not been previously explored. Here we identify an alternative regulatory strategy that enables precise control of pyrimidine pathway end-product levels, even in the presence of dysregulated biosynthetic flux. The mechanism involves cooperative feedback regulation of the near-terminal pathway enzyme uridine monophosphate kinase
6
. Such feedback leads to build-up of the pathway intermediate uridine monophosphate, which is in turn degraded by a conserved phosphatase, here termed UmpH, with previously unknown physiological function
7
,
8
. Such directed overflow metabolism allows homeostasis of uridine triphosphate and cytidine triphosphate levels at the expense of uracil excretion and slower growth during energy limitation. Disruption of the directed overflow regulatory mechanism impairs growth in pyrimidine-rich environments. Thus, pyrimidine homeostasis involves dual regulatory strategies, with classical feedback inhibition enhancing metabolic efficiency and directed overflow metabolism ensuring end-product homeostasis.
Journal Article
The Use of Raw Poultry Waste as Soil Amendment Under Field Conditions Caused a Loss of Bacterial Genetic Diversity Together with an Increment of Eutrophic Risk and Phytotoxic Effects
Poultry waste has been used as fertilizer to avoid soil degradation caused by the long-term application of chemical fertilizer. However, few studies have evaluated field conditions where livestock wastes have been used for extended periods of time. In this study, physicochemical parameters, metabarcoding of the 16S rRNA gene, and ecotoxicity indexes were used for the characterization of chicken manure and poultry litter to examine the effect of their application to agricultural soils for 10 years. Poultry wastes showed high concentrations of nutrients and increased electrical conductivity leading to phytotoxic effects on seeds. The bacterial communities were dominated by typical members of the gastrointestinal tract, noting the presence of pathogenic bacteria. Soils subjected to poultry manure applications showed statistically higher values of total and extractable phosphorous, increasing the risk of eutrophication. Moreover, while the soil bacterial community remained dominated by the ones related to the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients and plant growth promotion, losses of alpha diversity were observed on treated soils. Altogether, our work would contribute to understand the effects of common local agricultural practices and support the adoption of the waste treatment process in compliance with environmental sustainability guidelines.
Journal Article
Spawning migration, sex-specific home ranges, and seasonal site fidelity in a lacustrine population of Bowfin (Amia ocellicauda)
Bowfin, Amia spp., are broadly distributed freshwater fishes native to eastern North America. Male bowfin build nuptial nests in the spring and provide parental care for eggs and young. Spawning occurs in or near wetland habitats often associated with larger bodies of water, but the literature suggests wider distribution during the growing season, such that annual movements may structure population and community dynamics. However, bowfin movements and their ecological roles are poorly known. Over 3 years, using radio telemetry, we studied movement patterns and home range size of the bowfin, Amia ocellicauda, in Oneida Lake, a large inland lake in New York State. We found female bowfin tended to range more widely than males. Furthermore, within-year structure in movement data and seasonal step-changes in relocations suggest that most bowfin exhibited migration-like movements to and from a primary spawning area in northwest Oneida Lake. After spawning (and for males, after parental care), bowfin dispersed around the western half of the lake, with some fish traversing the full extent of our study area. Analysis of home range sizes revealed high variability in how widely individuals roamed, but there was a significant tendency for females to exhibit larger home ranges than males during the spring. During the summer, there was a tendency for individual bowfin of both sexes to inhabit the same area in successive years, though males appeared to exhibit site fidelity more often than females. These data provide a new perspective on the movement ecology of bowfin.
Journal Article