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Narrative, and in particular storytelling, is an important part of the human experience. Consequently, computational systems that can reason about narrative can be more effective communicators, entertainers, educators, and trainers. One of the central challenges in computational narrative reasoning is narrative generation, the automated creation of meaningful event sequences. There are many factors -- logical and aesthetic -- that contribute to the success of a narrative artifact. Central to this success is its understandability. We argue that the following two attributes of narratives are universal: (a) the logical causal progression of plot, and (b) character believability. Character believability is the perception by the audience that the actions performed by characters do not negatively impact the audience's suspension of disbelief. Specifically, characters must be perceived by the audience to be intentional agents. In this article, we explore the use of refinement search as a technique for solving the narrative generation problem -- to find a sound and believable sequence of character actions that transforms an initial world state into a world state in which goal propositions hold. We describe a novel refinement search planning algorithm -- the Intent-based Partial Order Causal Link (IPOCL) planner -- that, in addition to creating causally sound plot progression, reasons about character intentionality by identifying possible character goals that explain their actions and creating plan structures that explain why those characters commit to their goals. We present the results of an empirical evaluation that demonstrates that narrative plans generated by the IPOCL algorithm support audience comprehension of character intentions better than plans generated by conventional partial-order planners.

يضم هذا الكتاب الذي أصدرته جامعة كمبريدج تسع وعشرين دراسة قام بها عدد من أهم المتخصصين في تراث الحضارة العربية الإسلامية في مجالات الدراسات الدينية والتعليم والعلم وقد تنوعت موضوعات هذا التاب الفريد الممتع ما بين العلوم الإسلامية : كالتفسير وعلم الكلام والفقه، والعلوم العربية مثل اللغة والنحو وتصنيف المعاجم والقوامييس والشعر التعليمي وإسهامات المسلمين في الطب والفلك والكمياء والرياضيات والتنجيم. تناولت هذه الدراسات الأدب الصوفي والشعر التعليمي ورصدت موجزا لحركة الترجمة عن اللغة اليونانية في بداية عصور الثقافة العربية.

We explore a sequence of 13 unique high‐cadence images of a dust storm, from the Emirates Mars Mission (EMM). The Emirates eXploration Imager camera took these images in less than 8 hr on 18 December 2022 (Martian Year 36, solar longitude 356°). Most of these images are separated by a time difference of half an hour. The region of interest extends from Lyot crater to the east. During the morning, the EMM images show lee waves (atmospheric gravity waves). In the late morning, the lee waves rapidly change into clearly distinct dust storm texture/convective features. We track the evolution of both lee waves and a local dust storm between sunrise and mid‐afternoon. Also, we relate our observations to atmospheric dynamics. Our analysis is supported by the Mars Climate Database and radio occultation measurement data. Plain Language Summary The Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) has an on‐board camera, whose images from 18 December 2022 show a dust storm near Lyot crater (a large crater in the northern hemisphere of Mars). An image was taken almost every half an hour. In total, this gave 13 camera images in less than 8 hr. This number of images in such a short time is unique. The images reveal clouds which form straight lines during the morning. Such straight clouds are known as “lee wave clouds.” In the late morning, the lee waves disappear quickly and a quite different dust cloud appears. The latter is a dust storm which grows quickly. We follow the lee waves and dust storm from sunrise to mid‐afternoon. Also, we put our observations into the context of physical processes in the Mars atmosphere. Our work is supported by external data and measurements. That is to say data from the Mars Climate Database and radio occultation measurements. Key Points The Emirates Mars Mission provided thirteen (sub‐)hourly images; they show variations in clouds and atmospheric dust on 18 December 2022 The image sequence tracks the evolution of both lee waves and a local dust storm between sunrise and mid‐afternoon, near Lyot Crater We relate our observations to atmospheric dynamics, supported by the Mars Climate Database and radio occultation measurements

If one were to compare today's animal growth research to research from a mere 50 yr ago, one would see programs with few similarities. The evolution of this research from whole-animal through cell-based and finally molecular and genomic studies has been enhanced by the identification, isolation, and in vitro evaluation of adipose- and muscle-derived stem cells. This paper will highlight the struggles and the milestones that make this evolving area of research what it is today. The contribution of adipose and muscle stem cell research to development and growth, tissue regeneration, and final carcass composition are reviewed.

Epigenetics plays a crucial role in schizophrenia susceptibility. In a previous study, we identified over 4500 differentially methylated sites in prefrontal cortex (PFC) samples from schizophrenia patients. We believe this was the first genome-wide methylation study performed on human brain tissue using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 Bead Chip. To understand the biological significance of these results, we sought to identify a smaller number of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of more functional relevance compared with individual differentially methylated sites. Since our schizophrenia whole genome methylation study was performed, another study analysing two separate data sets of post-mortem tissue in the PFC from schizophrenia patients has been published. We analysed all three data sets using the bumphunter function found in the Bioconductor package minfi to identify regions that are consistently differentially methylated across distinct cohorts. We identified seven regions that are consistently differentially methylated in schizophrenia, despite considerable heterogeneity in the methylation profiles of patients with schizophrenia. The regions were near CERS3 , DPPA5 , PRDM9, DDX43, REC8 , LY6G5C and a region on chromosome 10. Of particular interest is PRDM9 which encodes a histone methyltransferase that is essential for meiotic recombination and is known to tag genes for epigenetic transcriptional activation. These seven DMRs are likely to be key epigenetic factors in the aetiology of schizophrenia and normal brain neurodevelopment.

A new dust data assimilation scheme has been developed for the UK version of the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique Martian General Circulation Model. The Analysis Correction scheme (adapted from the UK Met Office) is applied with active dust lifting and transport to analyze measurements of temperature, and both column‐integrated dust optical depth (CIDO), τref (rescaled to a reference level), and layer‐integrated dust opacity (LIDO). The results are shown to converge to the assimilated observations, but assimilating either of the dust observation types separately does not produce the best analysis. The most effective dust assimilation is found to require both CIDO (from Mars Odyssey/THEMIS) and LIDO observations, especially for Mars Climate Sounder data that does not access levels close to the surface. The resulting full reanalysis improves the agreement with both in‐sample assimilated CIDO and LIDO data and independent observations from outside the assimilated data set. It is thus able to capture previously elusive details of the dust vertical distribution, including elevated detached dust layers that have not been captured in previous reanalyzes. Verification of this reanalysis has been carried out under both clear and dusty atmospheric conditions during Mars Years 28 and 29, using both in‐sample and out of sample observations from orbital remote sensing and contemporaneous surface measurements of dust opacity from the Spirit and Opportunity landers. The reanalysis was also compared with a recent version of the Mars Climate Database (MCD v5), demonstrating generally good agreement though with some systematic differences in both time mean fields and day‐to‐day variability. Plain Language Summary Data assimilation is a method of combining atmospheric observations, which are inevitably uncertain and incomplete in their coverage, with a global numerical model. It is commonly used for the Earth to initialize weather forecasts, with associated benefits for climate analysis and prediction. This technique has also been used for the Martian atmosphere, using measurements of temperature, dust and ice from satellites in orbit around Mars. But most previous efforts have only used measurements of the total amount of dust in a vertical column from instruments that “look” vertically downwards to the Martian surface. In new work presented here, however, we also use detailed measurements of the vertical structure of the dust distribution from an instrument that “looks” toward the edge of the planet. This is much more effective when atmospheric dust is not mainly concentrated near the ground. Such events are reasonably common on Mars, when elevated layers of dust are formed, which can strongly affect how the atmosphere is heated by the Sun. We present examples of situations when previous methods failed to recover the correct dust distribution, as verified against independent measurements for example, from the Spirit and Opportunity Rovers, and compare with the ESA Mars Climate Database. Key Points Assimilation of atmospheric measurements of Mars into a global circulation model is extended to include limb profiles of dust opacity Combining nadir and limb profiles of dust opacity enables more accurate recovery of dust vertical structure, including elevated layers The climate reanalysis is significantly improved, as shown in comparisons with independent observations and the Mars Climate Database

The long-term survival of lung cancer patients treated with conventional therapies remains poor and therefore the need for novel approaches remains high. This has led to the re-emergence of aerosol delivery as a therapeutic intervention. In this study, glucosylated polyethylenimine (GPEI) was used as carrier to investigate programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) and PDCD4 mutant (D418A), an eIF4A-binding mutant, on PDCD4-related signaling and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity in the lungs of AP-1 luciferase reporter mice. After confirming the efficiency of GPEI as a carrier in lungs, the effects of aerosol-delivered PDCD4 were investigated in AP-1 luciferase reporter mice. Aerosol delivery of GPEI/PDCD4 through a nose-only inhalation facilitated the apoptosis of lungs whereas aerosol PDCD4 mutant did not. Also, such aerosol delivery regulated proteins relevant to cell-cycle control and suppressed AP-1 activity. Results obtained by western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, luciferase assay and deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated nick end labeling study suggest that combined actions such as facilitating apoptosis, controlling cell cycle and suppression of AP-1 activity by PDCD4 may provide useful tool for designing lung tumor prevention and treatment by which PDCD4 functions as a transformation suppressor in the future.

Cannabis use appears to exacerbate psychotic symptoms and increase risk of psychotic relapse. However, the relative contribution of cannabis use compared with other risk factors is unclear. The influence of psychotic symptoms on cannabis use has received little attention. To examine the influence of cannabis use on psychotic symptom relapse and the influence of psychotic symptom severity on relapse in cannabis use in the 6 months following hospital admission. At baseline, 84 participants with recent-onset psychosis were assessed and 81 were followed up weekly for 6 months, using telephone and face-to-face interviews. A higher frequency of cannabis use was predictive of psychotic relapse, after controlling for medication adherence, other substance use and duration of untreated psychosis. An increase in psychotic symptoms was predictive of relapse to cannabis use, and medication adherence reduced cannabis relapse risk. The relationship between cannabis use and psychosis may be bidirectional, highlighting the need for early intervention programmes to target cannabis use and psychotic symptom severity in this population.

The spatial distribution patterns of freshwater pearl mussels, Margaritifera margaritifera (L.), in the River Kerry, north-western Scotland were investigated, together with their relationships to a number of physical parameters (distance from nearest bank, mean water depth, mean current velocity, substratum descriptors, aquatic vegetation cover). The mussels exhibited a highly contagious, non-random spatial distribution pattern. Adult and juvenile M. margaritifera were found to have broadly similar habitat `preferences', although adults were found over a wider range of physical conditions. Based on computed habitat suitability curves, optimum water depths of 0.3-0.4 m and optimum current velocities of 0.25-0.75 ms^sup -1^ at intermediate water levels were observed. River bed substratum characterisitics appear to be the best physical parameters for describing M. margaritifera habitat. Boulder-stabilised refugia, which contain enough sand for burrowing, are ideal microhabitats for juvenile mussels. Adults are able to tolerate silty or muddy conditions for unknown lengths of time, but juveniles are never found in this type of habitat. Substratum-based discriminant function models were used to predict the presence or absence of mussels, with a success rate of 76-92%.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]