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The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a significant constituent of tumors, fulfilling various essential functions such as providing mechanical support, influencing the microenvironment, and serving as a reservoir for signaling molecules. The abundance and degree of cross-linking of ECM components are critical determinants of tissue stiffness. In the process of tumorigenesis, the interaction between ECM and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) frequently leads to ECM stiffness, thereby disrupting normal mechanotransduction and promoting malignant progression. Therefore, acquiring a thorough comprehension of the dysregulation of ECM within the TME would significantly aid in the identification of potential therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. In this regard, we have compiled a comprehensive summary encompassing the following aspects: (1) the principal components of ECM and their roles in malignant conditions; (2) the intricate interaction between ECM and immune cells within the TME; and (3) the pivotal regulators governing the onco-immune response in ECM.

A20, also known as TNF-α-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3), is an anti-inflammatory protein that plays an important part in both immune responses and cell death. Impaired A20 function is associated with several human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Although the role of A20 in mediating inflammation has been frequently discussed, its intrinsic link to arthritis awaits further explanation. Here, we review new findings that further demonstrate the molecular mechanisms through which A20 regulates inflammatory arthritis, and we discuss the regulation of A20 by many factors. We conclude by reviewing the latest A20-associated mouse models that have been applied in related research because they reflect the characteristics of arthritis, the study of which will hopefully cast new light on anti-arthritis treatments.

Lactate, traditionally considered just a byproduct of metabolism, is now understood to be a vital regulator in energy metabolism, immune function, and epigenetic changes. Besides serving as an alternative energy source through the “lactate shuttle,” it acts as a signaling molecule influencing both normal and abnormal processes in various organs. New research has emphasized its role in lactylation of histones and non-histones, a novel post-translational modification linking metabolic activity with gene expression and immune response. Lactate contributes to immunosuppression, angiogenesis, and the spread of tumors within the tumor microenvironment. Its accumulation is also linked to cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurodegenerative conditions. This shift in metabolism underscores lactate’s growing importance in both health and disease, presenting novel therapeutic opportunities, especially in the treatment of cancer and metabolic disorders. This review synthesizes emerging insights into lactate’s multifaceted roles and discusses promising therapeutic strategies targeting lactate metabolism, transport, and downstream signaling pathways, with an emphasis on candidates advancing toward clinical translation.

This study aimed to assess whether Relumino mode TV could assist amblyopic patients using video terminals. This mode utilizes real-time image processing techniques to enhance visual effects. We recruited 38 participants with anisometropic amblyopia, all literate and cognitively capable. The Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of the normal and Relumino modes was measured to evaluate the relationship between spatial frequency variations and visual effects. All participants underwent tests for visual acuity, reading performance (reading speed and accuracy), and viewing three 5-min videos in both modes. Afterward, they completed a Visual Function Evaluation Questionnaire. A total of 38 volunteers (mean age, 17.0 ± 13.3 years) completed this study. The results indicated that in Relumino mode, the visual scores for static images and videos with lower MTF were 5.58 ± 1.66 ( p  = 0.038) and 5.33 ± 1.42 ( p  = 0.167), respectively, suggesting better visual function with Relumino mode, compared to the normal mode. However, no significant changes were found in the LogMAR mean values for amblyopic eyes (from 0.47 ± 0.26 to 0.49 ± 0.26, p  = 0.237), reading speed (from 68.62 ± 59.13 to 74.39 ± 59.78, p  = 0.209) or reading accuracy (from 0.96 ± 0.12 to 0.92 ± 0.17, p  = 0.019) before and after using Relumino mode. There was no significant improvement in visual functions related to text on the screen. This study suggests that the Relumino mode enhances the visual experience for amblyopic patients when watching videos or images on the TV, especially compared to the normal mode.

Purpose A pathologic complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) is seen in up to 40% of the patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). No nomogram has been constructed for the prediction of pCR for patients whose primary chemotherapy was a taxane‐based regimen. The aim is to identify characteristics associated with a pCR through analyzing multiple pre‐ and post‐nCRT variables and to develop a nomogram for the prediction of pCR for these patients by integrating clinicopathological characteristics and hematological biomarkers. Materials and Methods We analyzed 293 patients with ESCC who underwent nCRT followed by esophagectomy. Clinicopathological factors, hematological parameters before nCRT, and hematotoxicity during nCRT were collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictive factors for pCR. A nomogram model was built and evaluated for both discrimination and calibration. Results After surgery, 37.88% of the study patients achieved pCR. Six variables were included in the nomogram: sex, cN stage, chemotherapy regimen, duration of nCRT, pre‐nCRT neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and pre‐nCRT platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR). The nomogram indicated good accuracy and consistency in predicting pCR, with a C‐index of 0.743 (95% confidence interval: 0.686, 0.800) and a p value of 0.600 (>0.05) in the Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness‐of‐fit test. Conclusions Female, earlier cN stage, duration of nCRT (< 62 days), chemotherapy regimen of taxane plus platinum, pre‐nCRT NLR (≥2.199), and pre‐nCRT PLR (≥99.302) were significantly associated with a higher pCR in ESCC patients whose primary chemotherapy was a taxane‐based regimen for nCRT. A nomogram was developed and internally validated, showing good accuracy and consistency.

Background and aims Previous studies have identified both auditory attention deficits and functional connectivity abnormalities in auditory brain regions in children with ADHD. However, auditory attention deficits are prevalent in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), but the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms remain unclear, particularly the direct relationship between auditory attention performance and auditory cortical connectivity, which our study uniquely addresses. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between auditory attention deficits and functional connectivity (FC) in the auditory cortex and other auditory-related regions in children with ADHD. Methods We assessed auditory attention in 42 unmedicated children with ADHD and 36 healthy controls (HC) using the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test (IVA-CPT), along with clinical symptom ratings and neuropsychological assessments. We then conducted a seed-based functional connectivity analysis, focusing on the auditory cortex and related regions. We analyzed the FC of these regions for correlations with auditory attention levels and clinical symptom scores in ADHD. Results Compared to HC, children with ADHD performed more poorly on the IVA-CPT, showing decreased FC between the insula, right planum polare, and bilateral cerebellum; between the left Heschl’s gyrus, right insula, and left superior temporal gyrus; and between the planum temporale and the right insula. In contrast, increased FC was observed between the right Heschl’s gyrus and the superior frontal gyrus, and between the bilateral middle frontal gyrus, right supramarginal gyrus, and right planum temporale. Conclusions Our results indicate that children with ADHD exhibit significant auditory attention deficits, along with numerous abnormalities in functional connectivity within the auditory cortex and related regions, which are correlated with auditory attention performance. Abnormalities in auditory cortical FC in children with ADHD may underlie auditory attention deficits. These regions could serve as potential therapeutic targets for clinical interventions aimed at ADHD children with auditory attention deficits. Clinical trial number Not applicable.

Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are an immature group of myeloid‐derived cells generated from myeloid cell precursors in the bone marrow. MDSCs appear almost exclusively in pathological conditions, such as tumor progression and various inflammatory diseases. The leading function of MDSCs is their immunosuppressive ability, which plays a crucial role in tumor progression and metastasis through their immunosuppressive effects. Since MDSCs have specific molecular features, and only a tiny amount exists in physiological conditions, MDSC‐targeted therapy has become a promising research direction for tumor treatment with minimal side effects. In this review, we briefly introduce the classification, generation and maturation process, and features of MDSCs, and detail their functions under various circumstances. The present review specifically demonstrates the environmental specificity of MDSCs, highlighting the differences between MDSCs from cancer and healthy individuals, as well as tumor‐infiltrating MDSCs and circulating MDSCs. Then, we further describe recent advances in MDSC‐targeted therapies. The existing and potential targeted drugs are divided into three categories, monoclonal antibodies, small‐molecular inhibitors, and peptides. Their targeting mechanisms and characteristics have been summarized respectively. We believe that a comprehensive in‐depth understanding of MDSC‐targeted therapy could provide more possibilities for the treatment of cancer. Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells play a crucial role in tumor progression and metastasis through their immunosuppressive effects. In different environments and conditions, these cells vary in mechanisms of immunosuppressive functions. Since only a small amount exists in physiological conditions, myeloid‐derived suppressor cell‐targeted therapy has become a promising research orientation for tumor treatment with minimal side effects. In recent years, various kinds of targeted drugs against myeloid‐derived suppressor cells have been developed, as a novel way of cancer treatment.

Hypoxia is a hallmark of the tumor microenvironment (TME), and it plays a crucial role in the occurrence and progression in vascular tumors. Under hypoxic conditions, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) is stabilized, inducing changes in the expression of various target genes involved in angiogenesis, metabolism, and cell survival. This includes the upregulation of pro-angiogenic factors like VEGF, which promotes the formation of dysfunctional blood vessels, contributing to the worsening of the hypoxic microenvironment. At the same time, hypoxia induces a metabolic shift toward glycolysis, even in the presence of oxygen, supporting tumor cell survival and proliferation by providing necessary energy and biosynthetic precursors. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms by which hypoxia regulates angiogenesis and metabolic reprogramming in vascular tumors, highlighting the intricate link between these processes, and explores potential therapeutic strategies to target these pathways in order to develop effective treatment strategies for patients.

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) accounts for one‐third of head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC). Although improvements have been made in treatments, the prognosis of patients with LSCC is unsatisfactory. Pyroptosis creates an environment that inhibits tumor growth in various cancers, but pyroptosis regulation in the tumor immune microenvironment in LSCC remains little known. The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases were used to collect clinical traits and gene expression data of LSCC patients. We present a systematic overview of the immune microenvironment of LSCC based on genetics and transcriptional profiles of pyroptosis‐related genes (PRGs) and divide 220 LSCC into three distinct PRGclusters. Based on the three survival‐related PRGs identified in Lasso‐penalized Cox regression, samples from the training and validation cohorts were divided into two discrete geneClusters. We construct a prognostic model based on Risk score, quantify pyroptosis level and link it with patient outcome. Furthermore, we verified the expression level of one prognostic gene Basic Leucine Zipper ATF‐Like Transcription Factor at the tissue level in the validation experiment. These findings reveal the crucial role of pyroptosis and can assist in predicting patient prognosis, guiding optimal treatment choices, and developing new immunotherapies for LSCC. We present a systematic overview of the immune microenvironment of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) based on genetics and transcriptional profiles of pyroptosis‐related genes (PRGs) and construct a prognostic model based on the Risk score. These findings can assist in predicting patient prognosis, guiding optimal treatment choices, and developing new immunotherapies for LSCC.