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\"This book addresses the security challenges facing the rapidly growing Internet of Things (IoT) industry, including the potential threats and risks arising from its complex architecture. The authors discuss the overall IoT architecture, covering networking, computing, security threats and risks to hardware such as sensors, actuators, portable devices, etc., and infrastructure layers. They cover a range of technical concepts such as cryptography, distributed storage and data transmission, and offer practical advice on implementing security solutions such as authentication and access control. By exploring the future of cybersecurity in the IoT industry, with insights into the importance of big data and the threats posed by data mining techniques, this book is an essential resource for anyone interested in or working in the rapidly evolving field of IoT security\"-- Provided by publisher.

Background Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule and exists across kingdoms. Studies on melatonin in plants have mainly focused on its physiological influence on growth and development, and on its biosynthesis. A number of studies have been conducted on the melatonin content and exogenous melatonin treatment of grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.). However, key genes or enzymes of the melatonin biosynthetic pathway remain unclear. Results In this study, we cloned and identified the gene encoding serotonin N -acetyltransferase (SNAT) in grapevine ( VvSNAT2 ) . The VvSNAT2 protein was identified from a collection of 30 members of the grapevine GCN5-related N -acetyltransferase (GNAT) superfamily. Phylogenetic and protein sublocalization analyses showed that the candidate gene VvGNAT16 is VvSNAT2 . Characterization of VvSNAT2 showed that its enzymatic activity is highest at a pH of 8.8 and a temperature of 45 °C. Analysis of enzyme kinetics showed the values of K m and V max of VvSNAT2 using serotonin were 392.5 μM and 836 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively. The expression of VvSNAT2 was induced by melatonin treatment and pathogen inoculation. Overexpression of VvSNAT2 in Arabidopsis resulted in greater accumulation of melatonin and chlorophyll and enhanced resistance to powdery mildew in the transgenic plants compared with the wild type (WT). Additionally, our data showed that the marker genes in the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway were expressed to higher levels in the transgenic plants compared with the WT. Conclusions The VvSNAT2 gene was cloned and identified in grapevine for the first time. Our results indicate that VvSNAT2 overexpression activates the SA and JA signaling pathways; however, the SA pathway plays a central role in VvSNAT2 -mediated plant defense.

Background Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD)  is the most common subtype of lung cancer. Patient prognosis is poor, and the existing therapeutic strategies for LUAD are far from satisfactory. Recently, targeting N6-methyladenosine (m 6 A) modification of RNA has been suggested as a potential strategy to impede tumor progression. However, the roles of m 6 A modification in LUAD tumorigenesis is unknown. Methods Global m 6 A levels and expressions of m 6 A writers, erasers and readers were evaluated by RNA methylation assay, dot blot, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry and ELISA in human LUAD, mouse models and cell lines. Cell viability, 3D-spheroid generation, in vivo LUAD formation, experiments in cell- and patient-derived xenograft mice and survival analysis were conducted to explore the impact of m 6 A on LUAD. The RNA-protein interactions, translation, putative m 6 A sites and glycolysis were explored in the investigation of the mechanism underlying how m 6 A stimulates tumorigenesis. Results The elevation of global m 6 A level in most human LUAD specimens resulted from the combined upregulation of m 6 A writer methyltransferase 3 (METTL3) and downregulation of eraser alkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5). Elevated global m 6 A level was associated with a poor overall survival in LUAD patients. Reducing m 6 A levels by knocking out METTL3 and overexpressing ALKBH5 suppressed 3D-spheroid generation in LUAD cells and intra-pulmonary tumor formation in mice. Mechanistically, m 6 A-dependent stimulation of glycolysis and tumorigenesis occurred via enolase 1 (ENO1). ENO1 mRNA was m 6 A methylated at 359 A, which facilitated it’s binding with the m 6 A reader YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 1 (YTHDF1) and resulted in enhanced translation of ENO1. ENO1 positively correlated with METTL3 and global m 6 A levels, and negatively correlated with ALKBH5 in human LUAD. In addition, m 6 A-dependent elevation of ENO1 was associated with LUAD progression. In preclinical models, tumors with a higher global m 6 A level showed a more sensitive response to the inhibition of pan-methylation, glycolysis and ENO activity in LUAD. Conclusions The m 6 A-dependent stimulation of glycolysis and tumorigenesis in LUAD is at least partially orchestrated by the upregulation of METTL3, downregulation of ALKBH5, and stimulation of YTHDF1-mediated ENO1 translation. Blocking this mechanism may represent a potential treatment strategy for m 6 A-dependent LUAD.

Tea plants have adapted to grow in tropical acidic soils containing high concentrations of aluminum (Al) and fluoride (F) (as Al/F hyperaccumulators) and use secret organic acids (OAs) to acidify the rhizosphere for acquiring phosphorous and element nutrients. The self-enhanced rhizosphere acidification under Al/F stress and acid rain also render tea plants prone to accumulate more heavy metals and F, which raises significant food safety and health concerns. However, the mechanism behind this is not fully understood. Here, we report that tea plants responded to Al and F stresses by synthesizing and secreting OAs and altering profiles of amino acids, catechins, and caffeine in their roots. These organic compounds could form tea-plant mechanisms to tolerate lower pH and higher Al and F concentrations. Furthermore, high concentrations of Al and F stresses negatively affected the accumulation of tea secondary metabolites in young leaves, and thereby tea nutrient value. The young leaves of tea seedlings under Al and F stresses also tended to increase Al and F accumulation in young leaves but lower essential tea secondary metabolites, which challenged tea quality and safety. Comparisons of transcriptome data combined with metabolite profiling revealed that the corresponding metabolic gene expression supported and explained the metabolism changes in tea roots and young leaves via stresses from high concentrations of Al and F. The study provides new insight into Al- and F-stressed tea plants with regard to responsive metabolism changes and tolerance strategy establishment in tea plants and the impacts of Al/F stresses on metabolite compositions in young leaves used for making teas, which could influence tea nutritional value and food safety.

Litter inputs can influence soil respiration directly through labile C availability and, indirectly, through the activity of soil microorganisms and modifications in soil microclimate; however, their relative contributions and the magnitude of any effect remain poorly understood. We synthesized 66 recently published papers on forest ecosystems using a meta‐analysis approach to investigate the effect of litter inputs on soil respiration and the underlying mechanisms involved. Our results showed that litter inputs had a strong positive impact on soil respiration, labile C availability, and the abundance of soil microorganisms, with less of an impact related to soil moisture and temperature. Overall, soil respiration was increased by 36% and 55%, respectively, in response to natural and doubled litter inputs. The increase in soil respiration induced by litter inputs showed a tendency for coniferous forests (50.7%)> broad‐leaved forests (41.3%)> mixed forests (31.9%). This stimulation effect also depended on stand age with 30‐ to 100‐year‐old forests (53.3%) and ≥100‐year‐old forests (50.2%) both 1.5 times larger than ≤30‐year‐old forests (34.5%). Soil microbial biomass carbon and soil dissolved organic carbon increased by 21.0%‐33.6% and 60.3%‐87.7%, respectively, in response to natural and doubled litter inputs, while soil respiration increased linearly with corresponding increases in soil microbial biomass carbon and soil dissolved organic carbon. Natural and doubled litter inputs increased the total phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) content by 6.6% and 19.7%, respectively, but decreased the fungal/bacterial PLFA ratio by 26.9% and 18.7%, respectively. Soil respiration also increased linearly with increases in total PLFA and decreased linearly with decreases in the fungal/bacterial PLFA ratio. The contribution of litter inputs to an increase in soil respiration showed a trend of total PLFA > fungal/bacterial PLFA ratio > soil dissolved organic carbon > soil microbial biomass carbon. Therefore, in addition to forest type and stand age, labile C availability and soil microorganisms are also important factors that influence soil respiration in response to litter inputs, with soil microorganisms being more important than labile C availability. Soil respiration, labile C availability, and soil microorganisms (e.g., microbial quantity and community structure) were significantly influenced by litter inputs. The increase in soil respiration in response to litter inputs was closely related to labile C availability and soil microorganisms. Soil microorganisms had a greater effect than labile C availability influence soil respiration in response to litter inputs.

Objective To investigate the impact of vasculogenic mimicry (VM) and postoperative adjuvant therapy on the prognosis and survival of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), as well as to assess whether VM affects the clinical benefit of postoperative adjuvant therapy. Methods This single-center retrospective analysis included patients who underwent radical surgery for ESCC, which was documented in the medical record system. The presence or absence of VM in surgical specimens was determined using double staining with PAS/CD31. Stratification was applied based on adjuvant therapy and VM status. Survival curves and COX modeling were used to analyze the impact of the presence or absence of VM on the benefit of adjuvant therapy and the survival prognosis of patients. Results VM-positive patients were more prone to postoperative recurrence and metastasis. VM was identified as an independent risk factor for progression-free survival (PFS) ( p  < 0.001, 95% CI:1.809–3.852) and overall survival (OS) ( p  < 0.001, 95% CI:1.603–2.786) in postoperative ESCC. Postoperative adjuvant therapy significantly prolonged PFS ( p  = 0.008) and OS time ( p  < 0.001) in patients with stage II and III ESCC, with concurrent chemoradiotherapy being the most effective. However, the presence of VM significantly reduced the benefits of postoperative adjuvant therapy ( p  < 0.001). Conclusion VM negatively impacts the prognosis of postoperative ESCC patients and reduces the efficacy of postoperative adjuvant therapy.

Background Tea is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverages in the world for its flavors and numerous health benefits. The tea tree ( Camellia sinensis L.) is a well-known aluminum (Al) hyperaccumulator. However, it is not fully understood how tea plants have adapted to tolerate high concentrations of Al, which causes an imbalance of mineral nutrition in the roots. Results Here, we combined ionomic and transcriptomic profiling alongside biochemical characterization, to probe the changes of metal nutrients and Al responsive genes in tea roots grown under increasing concentrations of Al. It was found that a low level of Al (~ 0.4 mM) maintains proper nutrient balance, whereas a higher Al concentration (2.5 mM) compromised tea plants by altering micro- and macro-nutrient accumulation into roots, including a decrease in calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), and magnesium (Mg) and an increase in iron (Fe), which corresponded with oxidative stress, cellular damage, and retarded root growth. Transcriptome analysis revealed more than 1000 transporter genes that were significantly changed in expression upon Al exposure compared to control (no Al) treatments. These included transporters related to Ca and Fe uptake and translocation, while genes required for N, P, and S nutrition in roots did not significantly alter. Transporters related to organic acid secretion, together with other putative Al-tolerance genes also significantly changed in response to Al. Two of these transporters, CsALMT1 and CsALS8 , were functionally tested by yeast heterologous expression and confirmed to provide Al tolerance. Conclusion This study shows that tea plant roots respond to high Al-induced mineral nutrient imbalances by transcriptional regulation of both cation and anion transporters, and therefore provides new insights into Al tolerance mechanism of tea plants. The altered transporter gene expression profiles partly explain the imbalanced metal ion accumulation that occurred in the Al-stressed roots, while increases to organic acid and Al tolerance gene expression partly explains the ability of tea plants to be able to grow in high Al containing soils. The improved transcriptomic understanding of Al exposure gained here has highlighted potential gene targets for breeding or genetic engineering approaches to develop safer tea products.

Reliable paleoflood proxies can help reconstruct past flood variation patterns. Here, we investigated the grain-size data of a 63 cm core retrieved from Lake Chaonaqiu, western Chinese Loess Plateau, in order to build a long time-series of flood occurrence from sedimentology that extends the period of instrumental data. Our results indicate that three parameters (mean, standard deviation and grain-size ratio of 16–63/2–16 μm) are sensitive to hydrodynamic changes in Lake Chaonaqiu, which are further linked to high-energy inflow associated with high-intensity rainfall or flood events. These three parameters’ variations were well correlated with the precipitation records reconstructed from tree-rings and historical documents in neighboring regions and overlapped with 109 historical flood events from historical documents in counties around the lake for the past 300 years. Therefore, we propose that the grain size in the sediments of Lake Chaonaqiu is a reliable paleoflood proxy. The sensitivity of flood signals to grain size may be related to the precipitation and vegetation cover in the catchment of the lake, which are further linked to the strength of the East Asian summer monsoon.

The Rb/Sr ratio of lake sediments has been widely adopted as an indicator of weathering intensity in studies of past climate change, but the geochemical significance of this ratio varies with timescale. Here, we present Rb/Sr data for the past 300 years for sediments collected from Chaonaqiu Lake in the Liupan Mountains of the western Chinese Loess Plateau as a decadal-scale record of weathering intensity. To validate the application of this weathering proxy, we correlated the record with those of other major elements, rock-forming minerals, and paleoclimatic proxies. We found that Rb/Sr ratios are influenced mainly by Sr activity within the lake catchment (where Sr is likely sourced from albite). In addition, higher (lower) Rb/Sr ratios of bulk sediments from Chaonaqiu Lake are correlated with lower (higher) fractions of terrigenous detritus (SiO2, Ti, K2O, Al2O3, and Na2O). These indicate that the Rb/Sr ratios of bulk sediments in Chaonaqiu Lake are closely linked to terrigenous detritus input on decadal scales and also correlate well with TOC (a precipitation indicator) and other high-resolution paleoclimate records (e.g., tree rings and drought/flood index) in neighboring regions, with higher (lower) Rb/Sr ratios corresponding to more (less) precipitation. Lake bulk sediment Rb/Sr ratios are dominated by the input of terrigenous detritus over decadal timescales. Our data show that physical and chemical weathering in the Chaonaqiu Lake watershed have opposing influences on Rb/Sr ratios of bulk sediment, competing to dominate these ratios of lake sediments over different timescales, with ratios reflecting the relative importance of the two types of weathering.

Background RING is one of the largest E3 ubiquitin ligase families and C3H2C3 type is the largest subfamily of RING, which plays an important role in plant growth and development, and growth and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Results A total of 143 RING C3H2C3-type genes ( RCHCs ) were discovered from the grapevine genome and separated into groups (I-XI) according to their phylogenetic analysis, and these genes named according to their positions on chromosomes. Gene replication analysis showed that tandem duplications play a predominant role in the expansion of VvRCHCs family together. Structural analysis showed that most VvRCHCs (67.13 %) had no more than 2 introns, while genes clustered together based on phylogenetic trees had similar motifs and evolutionarily conserved structures. Cis -acting element analysis showed the diversity of VvRCHCs regulation. The expression profiles of eight DEGs in RNA-Seq after drought stress were like the results of qRT-PCR analysis. In vitro ubiquitin experiment showed that VyRCHC114 had E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, overexpression of VyRCHC114 in Arabidopsis improved drought tolerance. Moreover, the transgenic plant survival rate increased by 30 %, accompanied by electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll content and the activities of SOD, POD, APX and CAT were changed. The quantitative expression of AtCOR15a , AtRD29A , AtERD15 and AtP5CS1 showed that they participated in the response to drought stress may be regulated by the expression of VyRCHC114 . Conclusions This study provides valuable new information for the evolution of grapevine RCHCs and its relevance for studying the functional characteristics of grapevine VyRCHC114 genes under drought stress.