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"Yu, Zhi"
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Machine learning-based assessment of soil organic carbon dynamics in soybean–wheat rotations in eastern China
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a critical component of agroecosystems, influencing carbon cycling, soil fertility, and structure, thereby affecting crop productivity. This study evaluated the spatial distribution and dynamics of SOC stocks in eastern China under soybean–wheat rotations using advanced machine learning models. Data were collected from Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Shandong, Tianjin, and Beijing, measuring SOC at two soil depths (0–15 cm and 15–30 cm) before sowing and after harvest during 2022–2024. Among the models tested, Random Forest (RF) provided the most accurate SOC predictions, particularly in the 0–15 cm layer (R
2
= 0.89, RMSE = 0.95, PRD = 3.41). Results revealed SOC increases following soybean cultivation and decreases after wheat harvest, with regional variations shaped by environmental factors such as standardized height (standh), NDVI, temperature seasonality (tempSeason), and LS factor. The higher biomass and extensive root system of soybean significantly enhanced SOC, whereas wheat’s lower biomass contributed to SOC depletion. These findings underscore the influence of crop type and management practices on soil carbon stocks, highlighting the potential of soybean-inclusive rotations to improve soil health and mitigate climate change impacts.
Journal Article
Simple non-fused electron acceptors for efficient and stable organic solar cells
The flexibility in structural design of organic semiconductors endows organic solar cells (OSCs) not only great function-tunabilities, but also high potential toward practical application. In this work, simple non-fused-ring electron acceptors are developed through two-step synthesis from single aromatic units for constructing efficient OSCs. With the assistance of non-covalent interactions, these rotatable non-fused acceptors (in solution) allow transiting into planar and stackable conformation in condensed solid, promoting acceptors not only feasible solution-processability, but also excellent film characteristics. As results, decent power conversion efficiencies of 10.27% and 13.97% can be achieved in single and tandem OSCs consisting of simple solution-cast blends, in which the fully unfused acceptors exhibit exceptionally low synthetic complexity index. In addition, the unfused acceptor and its based OSCs exhibit promising stabilities under continuous illumination. Overall, this work reveals valuable insights on the structural design of simple and effective electron acceptors with great practical perspectives.
Non-fullerene electron acceptors have pushed the efficiency of organic solar cells up to 15% but they all contain fused rings and are inconvenient to synthetic access. Here Yu et al. develop fully unfused acceptors featuring non-covalent intramolecular interactions, high efficiencies and high stability.
Journal Article
الثقافة الصينية التقليدية والقيم الصينية المعاصرة /
تطرح الصين القيم الجوهرية للثقافة الصينية التقليدية، المتمثلة في : الازدهار والقوة، والديمقراطية، والتحضر، والتناغم والانسجام، والحرية، والمساواة، والعدالة، وسيادة القانون، وحب الوطن، والتفاني والإخلاص في العمل، والصدق والوفاء، والمودة. ومن بين هذه المصطلحات الاثني عشر، يعد الازدهار والقوة والديمقراطية والتحضر والتناغم والانسجام، فيما على مستوى الدولة، كما تعد الحرية والمساواة والعدالة وسيادة القانون، قيما على مستوى المجتمع، بينما يعد حب الوطن والتفاني في العمل والصدق والوفاء والمودة، قيما على مستوى الفرد. يقدم هذا الكتاب شرحا وافيا لهذه المصطلحات التي تمثل الروح الثقافية للأمة الصينية وهي أيضا القيم الجوهرية التي تجسد روح العصر الحديث، حيث تحوي هذه المصطلحات روح الماضي ومساعي الحاضر والتطلع للمستقبل، كما تحمل في طياتها التوارث التاريخي والقراءة العصرية والإرشاد التنموي.
Book
Mitochondrial electron transport chain, ROS generation and uncoupling (Review)
The mammalian mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) includes complexes I-IV, as well as the electron transporters ubiquinone and cytochrome c. There are two electron transport pathways in the ETC: Complex I/III/IV, with NADH as the substrate and complex II/III/IV, with succinic acid as the substrate. The electron flow is coupled with the generation of a proton gradient across the inner membrane and the energy accumulated in the proton gradient is used by complex V (ATP synthase) to produce ATP. The first part of this review briefly introduces the structure and function of complexes I-IV and ATP synthase, including the specific electron transfer process in each complex. Some electrons are directly transferred to O2 to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the ETC. The second part of this review discusses the sites of ROS generation in each ETC complex, including sites IF and IQ in complex I, site IIF in complex II and site IIIQo in complex III, and the physiological and pathological regulation of ROS. As signaling molecules, ROS play an important role in cell proliferation, hypoxia adaptation and cell fate determination, but excessive ROS can cause irreversible cell damage and even cell death. The occurrence and development of a number of diseases are closely related to ROS overproduction. Finally, proton leak and uncoupling proteins (UCPS) are discussed. Proton leak consists of basal proton leak and induced proton leak. Induced proton leak is precisely regulated and induced by UCPs. A total of five UCPs (UCP1-5) have been identified in mammalian cells. UCP1 mainly plays a role in the maintenance of body temperature in a cold environment through non-shivering thermogenesis. The core role of UCP2-5 is to reduce oxidative stress under certain conditions, therefore exerting cytoprotective effects. All diseases involving oxidative stress are associated with UCPs.
Journal Article
الثقافة الصينية التقليدية والقيم الصينية المعاصرة
تطرح الصين القيم الجوهرية للثقافة الصينية التقليدية، المتمثلة في : الازدهار والقوة، والديمقراطية، والتحضر، والتناغم والانسجام، والحرية، والمساواة، والعدالة، وسيادة القانون، وحب الوطن، والتفاني والإخلاص في العمل، والصدق والوفاء، والمودة. ومن بين هذه المصطلحات الاثني عشر، يعد الازدهار والقوة والديمقراطية والتحضر والتناغم والانسجام، فيما على مستوى الدولة، كما تعد الحرية والمساواة والعدالة وسيادة القانون، قيما على مستوى المجتمع، بينما يعد حب الوطن والتفاني في العمل والصدق والوفاء والمودة، قيما على مستوى الفرد. يقدم هذا الكتاب شرحا وافيا لهذه المصطلحات التي تمثل الروح الثقافية للأمة الصينية وهي أيضا القيم الجوهرية التي تجسد روح العصر الحديث، حيث تحوي هذه المصطلحات روح الماضي ومساعي الحاضر والتطلع للمستقبل، كما تحمل في طياتها التوارث التاريخي والقراءة العصرية والإرشاد التنموي.
Book
Molecular insights of exceptionally photostable electron acceptors for organic photovoltaics
Photo-degradation of organic semiconductors remains as an obstacle preventing their durable practice in optoelectronics. Herein, we disclose that volume-conserving photoisomerization of a unique series of acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) acts as a surrogate towards their subsequent photochemical reaction. Among A-D-A NFAs with fused, semi-fused and non-fused backbones, fully non-fused PTIC, representing one of rare existing samples, exhibits not only excellent photochemical tolerance in aerobic condition, but also efficient performance in solar cells. Along with a series of in-depth investigations, we identify that the structural confinement to inhibit photoisomerization of these unique A-D-A NFAs from molecular level to macroscopic condensed solid helps enhancing the photochemical stabilities of molecules, as well as the corresponding OSCs. Although other reasons associating with the photostabilities of molecules and devices should not excluded, we believe this work provides helpful structure-property information toward new design of stable and efficient photovoltaic molecules and solar cells.
Non-fullerene acceptors have contributed hugely to the best-performing organic solar cells, yet the photo-degradation remains a hurdle preventing the practical application. In this work, research group from Zhejiang University discovers non-fused acceptors with excellent photochemical tolerance in aerobic condition, and identify the main degradation pathway.
Journal Article
الصين والحوكمة العالمية : الاختيار التاريخي
يقدم هذا الكتاب دراسة وافية لأصل وتاريخ الحوكمة العالمية ومسيرة إصلاحها، مع التركيز على دور ومهام مجموعة العشرين وتطورها، ومقارنة بالدراسات السابقة، نجد أن هذا الكتاب يولي اهتماما بالعدالة والثقافة غير الغربية والدول النامية ودورها في الحوكمة العالمية. كما يستعرض الكتاب تاريخ المشاركة الصينية في الحوكمة العالمية وتطورها من الاقصاء إلى الاعتراف بها، ومن المراقبة إلى المشاركة، ومن الدور العادي إلى الدور الفاعل يتطرق الكتاب كذلك إلى قضية الحوكمة الإقليمية والعلاقات الصينية الأمريكية، وكيفية استغلال الصين المزاياها من أجل أداء دورها بشكل أفضل في الشؤون العالمية. وأخيرا، يقدم توصيات سياسية للصين القيادة إصلاح الحوكمة العالمية، وقد استند المؤلف في جميع هذه المحاور على شهاداته الشخصية أثناء أدائه لمهامه الدبلوماسية. يعد هذا الكتاب مرجعا أساسيا للباحثين في الحوكمة العالمية والدراسات الصينية. والعلاقات الدولية. كما أنه مرجع مهم أيضا للمهتمين بالقضايا الدولية، وخاصة الحوكمة العالمية ودور الصين في الساحة الدولية.
Transition metal-free phosphonocarboxylation of alkenes with carbon dioxide via visible-light photoredox catalysis
Catalytic difunctionalization of alkenes has been an ideal strategy to generate structurally complex molecules with diverse substitution patterns. Although both phosphonyl and carboxyl groups are valuable functional groups, the simultaneous incorporation of them via catalytic difunctionalization of alkenes, ideally from abundant, inexpensive and easy-to-handle raw materials, has not been realized. Herein, we report the phosphonocarboxylation of alkenes with CO
2
via visible-light photoredox catalysis. This strategy is sustainable, general and practical, providing facile access to important β-phosphono carboxylic acids, including structurally complex unnatural α-amino acids. Diverse alkenes, including enamides, styrenes, enolsilanes and acrylates, undergo such reactions efficiently under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, this method represents a rare example of redox-neutral difunctionalization of alkenes with H-P(O) compounds, including diaryl- and dialkyl- phosphine oxides and phosphites. Importantly, these transition-metal-free reactions also feature low catalyst loading, high regio- and chemo-selectivities, good functional group tolerance, easy scalability and potential for product derivatization.
Phosphonyl and carboxyl groups are valuable functional groups, however their simultaneous incorporation via catalytic difunctionalization of alkenes has not been realized yet. Here the authors report the phosphonocarboxylation of alkenes with CO
2
via visible-light photoredox catalysis.
Journal Article