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We present the vector, scalar and tensor renormalization constants (RCs) using overlap fermions with either regularization independent momentum subtraction (RI/MOM) or symmetric momentum subtraction (RI/SMOM) as the intermediate scheme on the lattice with lattice spacings \\(a\\) from 0.04 fm to 0.12 fm. Our gauge field configurations from the MILC and RBC/UKQCD collaborations include sea quarks using either the domain wall or the HISQ action, respectively. The results show that RI/MOM and RI/SMOM can provide consistent renormalization constants to the \\(\\overline{\\textrm{MS}}\\) scheme, after proper \\(a^2p^2\\) extrapolations. But at \\(p\\sim 2\\)\\,GeV, both RI/MOM and RI/SMOM suffer from nonperturbative effects which cannot be removed by the perturbative matching. The comparison between the results with different sea actions also suggests that the renormalization constant is discernibly sensitive to the lattice spacing but not to the bare gauge coupling in the gauge action.

We report results on the proton mass decomposition and also on related quark and glue momentum fractions. The results are based on overlap valence fermions on four ensembles of \\(N_f = 2+1\\) DWF configurations with three lattice spacings and three volumes, and several pion masses including the physical pion mass. With fully non-perturbative renormalization (and universal normalization on both quark and gluon), we find that the quark energy and glue field energy contribute 33(4)(4)\\% and 37(5)(4)\\% respectively in the \\(\\overline{MS}\\) scheme at \\(\\mu = 2\\) GeV. A quarter of the trace anomaly gives a 23(1)(1)\\% contribution to the proton mass based on the sum rule, given 9(2)(1)\\% contribution from the \\(u, d,\\) and \\(s\\) quark scalar condensates. The \\(u,d,s\\) and glue momentum fractions in the \\(\\overline{MS}\\) scheme are in good agreement with global analyses at \\(\\mu = 2\\) GeV.

We compute the overlap Dirac spectrum on three gauge ensembles generated using \\(2+1\\)-flavor domain wall fermions. The three ensembles have different lattice spacings and two of them have quark masses tuned to the physical point. The spectral density is determined up to \\(\\lambda\\sim\\)100 MeV with subpercentage statistical uncertainty. We find that the density is close to a constant below \\(\\lambda\\sim\\) 20 MeV as predicted by chiral perturbative theory (\\(\\chi\\)PT), and then increases linearly due to the strange quark mass. By fitting to the next-to-leading order \\(\\chi\\)PT form and using the non-perturbative RI/MOM renormalization, the \\(\\rm SU(2)\\) (keeping the strange quark mass at the physical point) and \\(\\rm SU(3)\\) chiral condensates at \\(\\overline{\\textrm{MS}}\\) 2 GeV are determined to be \\(\\Sigma=(265.4(0.5)(4.2)\\ \\textrm{MeV})^3\\) and \\(\\Sigma_0=(234.3(0.5)(25.8)\\ \\textrm{MeV})^3\\), respectively. The pion decay constants are also determined to be \\(F=84.1(1.9)(8.0)\\) and \\(F_0=58.6(0.5)(10.0)\\) MeV. The systematic errors are carefully estimated including the effects of fitting ranges and the uncertainty of low-energy constant \\(L_6\\). We also show that one can resolve the sea flavor content of the sea quarks and constrain their masses with {\\(\\sim10\\%-20\\%\\)} statistical uncertainties using the Dirac spectral density.

Black holes (BH), one of the most intriguing objects in the universe, can manifest themselves through electromagnetic radiation initiated by the accretion flow. Some stellar-mass BHs drive relativistic jets when accreting matter from their companion stars, forming microquasars. Non-thermal emission from the radio to tera-electronvolt (TeV) gamma-ray band has been observed from microquasars, indicating the acceleration of relativistic particles. Here we report detection of four microquasars (SS 433, V4641 Sgr, GRS 1915+105, MAXI J1820+070) of spectrum extending to the ultrahigh-energy (UHE; photon energy \\(E>100\\) TeV) band and one microquasar (Cygnus X-1) of spectrum approaching 100 TeV, using the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Notably, the total emission associated with SS 433 cannot be interpreted with a single leptonic component. In the UHE band, its emission is in spatial coincidence with a giant atomic cloud, which is consistent with a hadronic origin. An elongated source is discovered from V4641 Sgr with the spectrum continuing up to 800 TeV. The detection of UHE gamma rays demonstrates that accreting BHs and their environments can operate as extremely efficient accelerators of particles out of 1 peta-electronvolt (PeV), suggesting microquasars to be important contributors to Galactic cosmic rays especially around the `knee' region.

The extracellular matrix,which includes collagens,laminin,or fibronectin,plays an important role in peripheral nerve regeneration.Recently,a Schwann cell-derived extracellular matrix with classical biomaterial was used to mimic the neural niche.However,extensive clinical use of Schwann cells remains limited because of the limited origin,loss of an autologous nerve,and extended in vitro culture times.In the present study,human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells（h UCMSCs）,which are easily accessible and more proliferative than Schwann cells,were used to prepare an extracellular matrix.We identified the morphology and function of h UCMSCs and investigated their effect on peripheral nerve regeneration.Compared with a non-coated dish tissue culture,the h UCMSC-derived extracellular matrix enhanced Schwann cell proliferation,upregulated gene and protein expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor,glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor,and vascular endothelial growth factor in Schwann cells,and enhanced neurite outgrowth from dorsal root ganglion neurons.These findings suggest that the h UCMSC-derived extracellular matrix promotes peripheral nerve repair and can be used as a basis for the rational design of engineered neural niches.

The open source HIP platform for GPU computing provides an uniform framework to support both the NVIDIA and AMD GPUs, and also the possibility to porting the CUDA code to the HIP- compatible one. We present the porting progress on the Overlap fermion inverter (GWU-code) and also the general Lattice QCD inverter package - QUDA. The manual of using QUDA on HIP and also the tips of porting general CUDA code into the HIP framework are also provided.

Since the science white paper of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) published on arXiv in 2019 [e-Print: 1905.02773 (astro-ph.HE)], LHAASO has completed the transition from a project to an operational gamma-ray astronomical observatory LHAASO is a new generation multi-component facility located in Daocheng, Sichuan province of China, at an altitude of 4410 meters. It aims at measuring with unprecedented sensitivity the spectrum, composition, and anisotropy of cosmic rays in the energy range between 10\\(^{12}\\) and 10\\(^{18}\\)~eV, and acting simultaneously as a wide aperture (one stereoradiant) continuously operating gamma-ray telescope in the energy range between 10\\(^{11}\\) and \\(10^{15}\\)~eV with the designed sensitivity of 1.3\\% of the Crab Unit (CU) above 100 TeV. LHAASO's capability of measuring simultaneously different shower components (electrons, muons, and Cherenkov/fluorescence light), will allow it to investigate the origin, acceleration, and propagation of CR through measurement of the energy spectrum, elemental composition, and anisotropy with unprecedented resolution. The remarkable sensitivity of LHAASO will play a key role in CR physics and gamma-ray astronomy for a general and comprehensive exploration of the high energy universe and will allow important studies of fundamental physics (such as indirect dark matter search, Lorentz invariance violation, quantum gravity) and solar and heliospheric physics. The LHAASO Collaboration organized an editorial working group and finished all editorial work of this science book, to summarize the instrumental features and outline the prospects of scientific researches with the LHAASO experiment.

Background Using the published survival statistics from cancer registration or population‐based studies, we aimed to describe the global pattern and trend of lung cancer survival. Methods By searching SinoMed, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and SEER, all survival analyses from cancer registration or population‐based studies of lung cancer were collected by the end of November 2022. The survival rates were extracted by sex, period, and country. The observed, relative, and net survival rates of lung cancer were applied to describe the pattern and time changes from the late 1990s to the early 21st century. Results Age‐standardized 5‐year relative/net survival rate of lung cancer was typically low, with 10%–20% for most regions. The highest age‐standardized relative/net survival rate was observed in Japan (32.9%, 2010–2014), and the lowest was in India (3.7%, 2010–2014). In most countries, the five‐year age‐standardized relative/net survival rates of lung cancer were higher in females and younger people. The patients with adenocarcinoma had a better prognosis than other groups. In China, the highest 5‐year overall relative/net survival rates were 27.90% and 31.62% in men and women in Jiangyin (2012–2013). Conclusion Over the past decades, the prognosis of lung cancer has gradually improved, but significant variations were also observed globally. Worldwide, a better prognosis of lung cancer can be observed in females and younger patients. It is essential to compare and evaluate the histological or stage‐specific survival rates of lung cancer between different regions in the future. This study collected globally published data on observed and relative survival rates of lung cancer from population‐based cancer registration. Over the past decades, the prognosis of lung cancer has gradually improved. However, region, period, sex, and age might affect the survival rate of lung cancer patients. The observed and relative survival rate of lung cancer patients varies greatly among different histological types and stages.

Background: Due to it containing cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin with abundant specific functional groups which could interact with organic dyes, garlic peel (GP) might be used as an efficient biosorbent. The aim of this study is to evaluate the adsorption performances of GP-based bio-adsorbents and obtain optimum preparation conditions. Methods: GP-based bio-adsorbents were prepared by thermal pyrolysis under different temperatures (150–400 °C). The morphologies, chemical states, and surface functional groups of the adsorbents were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) under various conditions, including contact time, contact temperature, initial dye concentration, and initial pH value. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to different kinetic and isothermal models, and the adsorption thermodynamics were also calculated. Significant Findings: The physicochemical properties of the GP-based bio-adsorbents were primarily dominated by the pyrolysis temperature, because their morphologies and surface functional groups of GP-based bio-adsorbents significantly varied with the changes in pyrolysis temperature. The adsorption capacity of GP materials for MB decreased as the pyrolysis temperature increased. At an initial concentration of 50.00 mg L−1, GP150 possessed a higher adsorption capacity of 167.74 mg g−1 toward MB. The possible adsorbate–adsorbent interactions, including electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and π-π stacking, were recognized. After 10 consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles, GP150 maintained a high removal rate (88%) for MB, demonstrating its excellent adsorption performance, good reusability, and potential application in the treatment of MB-contaminated water.

Chiral 1,2,3-triazoles are highly attractive motifs in various fields. However, achieving catalytic asymmetric click reactions of azides and alkynes for chiral triazole synthesis remains a significant challenge, mainly due to the limited catalytic systems and substrate scope. Herein, we report an enantioselective azidation/click cascade reaction of N -propargyl-β-ketoamides with a readily available and potent azido transfer reagent via copper catalysis, which affords a variety of chiral 1,2,3-triazoles with up to 99% yield and 95% ee under mild conditions. Notably, chiral 1,5-disubstituted triazoles that have not been accessed by previous asymmetric click reactions are also prepared with good functional group tolerance. Catalytic asymmetric click reactions of azides and alkynes for chiral triazole synthesis remains a challenge, due to the limited catalytic systems and substrate scope. Herein, the authors report the enantioselective azidation/click cascade reaction of N-propargyl-β-ketoamides via copper catalysis, affording a variety of chiral 1,2,3-triazoles.