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Currently, most images captured by high-pixel devices such as mobile phones, camcorders, and drones are in RGGB format. However, image quality in extremely dark scenes often needs improvement. Traditional methods for processing these dark RGGB images typically rely on end-to-end U-Net networks and their enhancement techniques, which require substantial resources and processing time. To tackle this issue, we first converted RGGB images into RGB three-channel images by subtracting the black level and applying linear interpolation. During the training stage, we leveraged the computational efficiency of the state-space model (SSM) and developed a Mamba U-Net end-to-end model to enhance the restoration of extremely dark RGGB images. We utilized the see-in-the-dark (SID) dataset for training, assessing the effectiveness of our approach. Experimental results indicate that our method significantly reduces resource consumption compared to existing single-step training and prior multi-step training techniques, while achieving improved peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM) outcomes.

To advance energy conservation and emissions reduction in urban logistics systems, this study focuses on the green vehicle routing problems with time windows (GVRPTWs), which remains underexplored in balancing environmental and service quality objectives. We propose a comprehensive multi-objective optimization framework that addresses this gap by simultaneously minimizing total distribution costs and carbon emissions while maximizing customer satisfaction, quantified based on the vehicle’s arrival time at the customer location. The rationale for adopting this tri-objective formulation lies in its ability to reflect real-world trade-offs between economic efficiency, environmental performance, and service level, which are often considered in isolation in previous studies. To tackle this complex problem, we develop an improved Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm III (NSGA-III) that incorporates three key enhancements: (1) an integer-encoded initialization method to enhance solution feasibility, (2) a refined selection strategy utilizing crowding distance to maintain population diversity, and (3) an embedded 2-opt local search operator to prevent premature convergence and avoid local optima. Comprehensive validation experiments using Solomon’s benchmark instances and a real-world case demonstrate that the presented algorithm consistently outperforms several state-of-the-art multi-objective optimization methods across key performance metrics. These results highlight the effectiveness and practical relevance of our approach in advancing energy-efficient, low-emission, and customer-centric urban logistics systems.

RGGB sensor arrays are commonly used in digital cameras and mobile photography. However, images of extreme dark-light conditions often suffer from insufficient exposure because the sensor receives insufficient light. The existing methods mainly employ U-Net variants, multi-stage camera parameter simulation, or image parameter processing to address this issue. However, those methods usually apply color adjustments evenly across the entire image, which may cause extensive blue or green noise artifacts, especially in images with dark backgrounds. This study attacks the problem by proposing a novel multi-step process for image enhancement. The pipeline starts with a self-attention U-Net for initial color restoration and applies a Color Correction Matrix (CCM). Thereafter, High Dynamic Range (HDR) image reconstruction techniques are utilized to improve exposure using various Camera Response Functions (CRFs). After removing under- and over-exposed frames, pseudo-HDR images are created through multi-frame fusion. Also, a comparative analysis is conducted based on a standard dataset, and the results show that the proposed approach performs better in creating well-exposed images and improves the Peak-Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) by 0.16 dB compared to the benchmark methods.

The evaluation of led lamp life has always been a difficult problem. This paper proposes a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of rough set theory. The results show that the method can quickly and accurately judge the four factors that affect the LED light source, driving power supply, heat dissipation system and use environment of LED lamps and lanterns.

China’s transition from a centrally planned to a market economy has substantially eroded governmental support for child care, raising the concern about how the change of child care provision may affect women’s labor market participation. This article examines the impact of child care availability and affordability on the employment and child care choices of urban Chinese women with preschool children during the transition. The analysis shows that the presence of day care in the community is positively associated with a mother’s labor force participation and labor hour supply and that the rising costs of hired caregivers reduce the mother’s labor hour supply. The analysis also finds that both the costs of hired caregivers and family income have important effects on the use of out-of-home care services. Simulations indicate that the decline in day care presence would account for 46% of the decrease in mothers’ labor force participation during the public-sector restructuring between 1997 and 2000.

This study investigates the vibration and acoustic properties of porous foam functionally graded (FG) plates under the influence of the temperature field. The dynamics equations of the system are established based on Hamilton’s principle by using the higher-order shear deformation theory under the linear displacement-strain assumption. The displacement shape function is assumed according to the four-sided simply-supported (SSSS) boundary condition, and the characteristic equations of the system are derived by combining the motion control equations. The theoretical model of vibro-acoustic coupling is established by using the acoustic theory and fluid-structure coupling solution method under the simple harmonic acoustic wave. The system’s natural frequency and sound transmission loss (STL) are obtained through programming calculations and compared with the literature and COMSOL simulation to verify the validity and reliability of the theoretical model. The effects of various factors, such as temperature, porosity coefficients, gradient index, core thickness, width-to-thickness ratio on the vibration, and STL characteristics of the system, are discussed. The results provide a theoretical basis for the application of porous foam FG plates in engineering to optimize vibration and sound transmission properties.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a cell wall-deficient pathogen, primarily affects children and adolescents, causing Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP). Following the relaxation of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) post COVID-19, there has been a global increase in MPP cases and macrolide-resistant strains. Vaccination against M. pneumoniae is being explored as a promising approach to reduce infections, limit antibiotic misuse, and prevent the emergence of drug-resistant variants. We developed an mRNA vaccine, mRNA-SP+P1, incorporating a eukaryotic signal peptide (tissue-type plasminogen activator signal peptide) fused to the C-terminal region of the P1 protein. Targeting amino acids 1288 to 1518 of the P1 protein, the vaccine was administered intramuscularly to BALB/c mice in a three-dose regimen. To evaluate immunogenicity, we quantified anti-P1 IgG antibody titers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and assessed cellular immune responses by analyzing effector memory T cell populations using flow cytometry. We also tested the functional activity of vaccine-induced sera for their ability to inhibit adhesion of the ATCC M129 strain to KMB17 cells. The vaccine’s protective efficacy was assessed against the ATCC M129 strain and its cross-protection against the ST3-resistant strain. Transcriptomic analysis was conducted to investigate gene expression changes in peripheral blood, aiming to uncover mechanisms of immune modulation. The mRNA-SP+P1 vaccine induces P1 protein-specific IgG antibodies and an effector memory T-cell response in BALB/c mice. Adhesion inhibition assays demonstrated that serum from vaccinated mice attenuatesthe adhesion ability of ATCC M129 to KMB17 cells. Furthermore, three doses of the vaccine confer significant and long-lasting, though partial, protection against the ATCC M129 strain and partial cross-protection against the ST3 drug-resistant strain. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant gene expression changes in peripheral blood, confirming the vaccine’s capacity to elicit an immune response from the molecular level. Our results indicate that the mRNA-SP+P1 vaccine appears to be an effective vaccine candidate against the prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in a global cerebral ischemia mouse model in our previous study, where it demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, studies on its antidepressant mechanisms remain scarce. Since oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are closely associated with depression, this study investigated the antidepressant effects of 5-HMF, focusing on its potential inhibition of oxidative stress via the Nrf2 pathway and its role in microglial M1 polarization-mediated neuroinflammation. An acute depression mouse model induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was utilized. Mice received 5-HMF (12 mg/kg) or an equal volume of vehicle via intraperitoneal injection 30 min prior to and 5 min after LPS administration. At 24 h post-modeling, behavioral tests (sucrose preference, forced swim, and open field tests) were conducted to evaluate the antidepressant effect of 5-HMF. Histological damage in the hypothalamus was assessed using Nissl staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Immunofluorescence was performed to evaluate M1 polarization of hypothalamic microglia. Oxidative stress damage was assessed by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyl groups, and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels. Nrf2 DNA-binding activity was examined using an ELISA-based assay. The expression of inflammatory cytokines, Nrf2, and downstream antioxidant proteins was analyzed by ELISA kits and Western blotting. 5-HMF significantly alleviated LPS-induced depression-like behaviors, reduced hypothalamic neuronal damage, decreased oxidative stress, and inhibited microglial M1 polarization. It also regulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10) and activated the Nrf2 signaling pathway, enhancing nuclear translocation efficiency. Notably, these effects were significantly attenuated by the Nrf2 inhibitor brusatol. In conclusion, 5-HMF exerts neuroprotective effects by modulating Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress responses and suppressing microglial M1 polarization-driven neuroinflammation. These findings suggest that 5-HMF may provide therapeutic potential for alleviating depression symptoms induced by acute inflammation.

Background Hyperglycaemia in pregnancy (HIP) is a common metabolic disorder that not only poses risks to maternal health but also associates with an increased risk of diabetes among offspring. Vertical transmission of microbiota may influence the offspring microbiome and subsequent glucose metabolism. However, the mechanism by which maternal gut microbiota may influence glucose metabolism of the offspring remains unclear and whether intervening microbiota vertical transmission could be used as a strategy to prevent diabetes in the offspring of mothers with HIP has not been investigated. So we blocked vertical transmission to investigate its effect on glucose metabolism in the offspring. Results We established a murine HIP model with a high-fat diet (HFD) and investigated the importance of vertical transmission of gut microbiota on the glucose metabolism of offspring via birth and nursing by blocking these events through caesarean section (C-section) and cross-fostering. After weaning, all offspring were fed a normal diet. Based on multi-omics analysis, biochemical and transcriptional assays, we found that the glucometabolic deficits in the mothers were subsequently ‘transmitted’ to the offspring. Meanwhile, the partial change in mothers’ gut microbial community induced by HIP could be transmitted to offspring, supported by the closed clustering of the microbial structure and composition between the offspring and their mothers. Further study showed that the microbiota vertical transmission was blocked by C-section and cross-fostering, which resulted in improved insulin sensitivity and islet function of the offspring of the mothers with HIP. These effects were correlated with changes in the relative abundances of specific bacteria and their metabolites, such as increased relative abundances of Bifidobacterium and short-chain fatty acids. In particular, gut microbial communities of offspring were closely related to those of their foster mothers but not their biological mothers, and the effect of cross-fostering on the offspring’s gut microbiota was more profound than that of C-section. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that the gut microbiota transmitted via birth and nursing are important contributors to the glucose metabolism phenotype in offspring. 56mzRGmxnTDVmmEec8EWAW Video Abstract

Shiga toxin (Stx)-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) poses a life-threatening complication for which a definitive treatment remains elusive. To exert its cytotoxic effect on renal cells, Stx must be delivered from the infected intestines to the kidney. However, the mechanism underlying Stx delivery remains unclear. Here we pinpoint monocytes as the primary carriers responsible for transporting Stx2 to the renal region. Through single-cell sequencing analysis of Stx2-B-bound peripheral white blood cells sorted by flow cytometry, we observe that nearly all monocytes exhibit strong Stx2-B binding, whereas less than 10% of neutrophils are associated with Stx2-B, albeit with a lower affinity. Further examination of the single-cell dataset and cell binding assays suggest that monocytes likely bind to Stx2-B through the Toll-like receptor 4. Remarkably, Stx-laden monocytes demonstrate their ability to transport Stx2 to human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGEC), subsequently inducing apoptosis in HRGEC. In a mouse model of Stx1/2-positive EDL933 infection-induced HUS, the presence of Stx2-positive monocytes in peripheral blood and infiltrated kidney tissues was observed. Finally, depleting monocytes through the usage of a CD14 neutralizing antibody or blocking monocyte chemotaxis via inhibition of CCL2 notably mitigates kidney injury and dysfunction caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/Stx2 treatment. Our findings unveil the pivotal role of monocytes in Stx delivery during STEC infection and offer a promising therapeutic approach for Stx-induced HUS.