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Since the 1970s, Yomitan Village in Okinawa has been at the forefront of community-led efforts of language preservation by documenting its folklore as a part of a larger goal to restore its language and culture. This has resulted in the documentation of over 5000 stories recounted in a local variety of Uchinaaguchi by over 700 community members from all parts of the village. The first aim of this article is to outline the vast folklore data that has been accumulated as well as the language-related materials that have been created from the data. Secondly, it explores conceptual frameworks for the teaching of endangered languages through an Indigenous critical pedagogy that incorporates three perspectives, namely, critical pedagogy hybridity and the third space, and decolonization. Furthermore, we suggest some ways to utilize these stories to teach the language and culture of the community and at the same time demonstrate how the accumulated narratives can be used to illuminate the crucial relationship among history, politics, and knowledge.

Pseudomonas fluorescens FPT9601-T5 was originally identified as an endophytic plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on tomato. To perform a molecular dissecttion of physiological and biochemical changes occurring in the host triggered by P. fluorescens FPT9601-T5 colonization, the model plant Arabidopsis was used in this study. Root colonization of Arabidopsis with P. fluorescens FPT9601-T5 promoted plant growth later than three weeks after inoculation and partially suppressed disease symptoms caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, indicating that P. fluorescens FPT9601-T5 acted as a PGPR on Arabidopsis. To obtain a global view on transcript modification during the Arabidopsis-FPT9601-T5 interaction, we performed microarray analysis using Affymetrix Genechip probe arrays representing approximately 22,800 genes. The results showed that 95 and 105 genes were up- or down-regulated, respectively, more than twofold in FPT9601-T5-treated Arabidopsis plants as compared with control plants. Those up-regulated included genes involved in metabolism, signal transduction, and stress response. Noteworthy, upon FPT9601-T5 colonization, putative auxin-regulated genes and nodulin-like genes were up-regulated, and some ethylene-responsive genes were down-regulated. Our results suggest that P. fluorescens FPT9601-T5 triggered plant responses in a manner similar to known PGPR and, at least in some aspects, to rhizobia.

Presenting new approaches and results previously inaccessible in English, the Routledge Handbook of Japanese Sociolinguistics provides an insight into the languages and society of contemporary Japan from a fresh perspective. While it was once believed that Japan was a linguistically homogenous country, research over the past two decades has shown Japan to be a multilingual and sociolinguistically diversifying country. Building on this approach, the contributors to this handbook take this further, combining Japanese and western approaches alike and producing research which is relevant to twenty-first century societies. Organised into five parts, the sections covered include: The languages and language varieties of Japan. The multilingual ecology. Variation, style and interaction. Language problems and language planning. Research overviews. With contributions from across the field of Japanese sociolinguistics, this handbook will prove very useful for students and scholars of Japanese studies, as well as sociolinguists more generally.

An indigenous language revitalisation movement is conspicuously one of the most overtly contested sites of cultural identities and language ideologies. In the Hawaiian language revitalisation processes, for instance, \"Hawaiianness\" is a main theme that is frequently left open to negotiation through discursive and other means. In this article, the focus will be placed on the cultural politics of identity that capture the fluid nature of race and ethnicity while emphasising the strategic ways language revitalisation activists manipulate the processes of constructing identities as a Hawaiian and a Hawaiian language speaker. Inevitably, the notion of Hawaiian language plays a central role during this process and the concept of scale and scale interpretation brings insight into this seemingly complex phenomenon. Based on linguistic data gathered at various revitalisation sites, the author carves out competing conceptions of Hawaiianness, Hawaiian language, and the relationship between ideologies of the Hawaiian language and construction of Hawaiian identities.

Japanese language is often referred to as a prime example of a language with \"true\" sex differences. Women's language and men's language within the Japanese are frequently taken as topics in Japanese language learning and teaching as well as in linguistics particularly in sociolinguistics. This chapter attempts to elucidate the nature of these popular notions and the relationship between gender and language by tracing the historical development of how it has been studied starting out with a documentation of court ladies' language usages around 1420 onward to the current research. The chapter encompasses aspects on lexical, morphological, syntactic, phonetic, phonological and discourse level phenomena from different theoretical approaches as well as meta-linguistic awareness of the language users including gender identities and how they are reflected in the language usage. It illustrates various researchers with different theoretical orientations and perspectives depict gendered speech in a multitude of ways and shows that gendered language, together with honorifics, was sometimes utilized for active construction and manipulation, implicitly or overtly, of languages usage and language attitude in Japan. In other words, how gendered speech has been studied shows assumptions about gender and language of the language users and thus it is a crucial and very fruitful area of inquiry in sociolinguistics especially concerning language ideology, social construction of language, gender and identity. This chapter discusses issues related to the use and perception of gendered language. It examines the major developments in the study of gendered language from the perspectives. The chapter discusses the so-called \"difference approach\", the \"dominance approach\", the \"discernment approach\", the \"historical approach\", the \"sociophonetic approach\", and an approach that focuses on \"men's speech\". It deals with a discussion of the concepts of \"sex\" and \"gender\" that have been central in research conducted in the US and Europe, and considers then its influence on exploration of the Japanese language. Research on Japanese produced several notable case studies that show how gender is accomplished through language. In Japan, neither the reexamination of the differences between sex and gender nor the rethinking of gender identities of intersex individuals had an immediate effect. Research viewing gender as a social category has explored how language is used to create, display and reinforce gender and gender identities.

Many previous studies of the Japanese language have made a distinction between the speech used by women and men (e.g., Ide 1979, Jugaku 1979, Shibamoto 1985, Shibatani 1990). One of the primary bases for this distinction has been the observation that the Japanese language includes certain gentler linguistic items that are used by women (e.g., the first-person pronoun atashi and the sentence-final forms wa and no yo) and certain rougher items that are used by men (e.g., the first-person pronoun ore and the sentence-final particles zo and ze). It is frequently assumed that it is socially unacceptable for women and men to cross these boundaries and use linguistic forms inappropriate for their gender. In other words, social expectations about language in Japan work as constraints that control, or at least influence, how women and men actually use language.

In this article, we engage in the recent debate concerning the utility of conversation analysis (CA) for feminist purposes. Using analysis of a Japanese phone-in consultation TV program, we take the position that CA has much to contribute to the feminist critique of Japanese society. Combining two strands of CA research, Hutchby's reconsideration of power as an interactional achievement and membership category analysis (MCA), we show in the analysis that CA makes it possible not only to point out places in the interaction where participants orient to gender, but also to track how the sequential structure of the interaction is used to invoke and reinforce ideological beliefs about women. Following the analysis, we discuss four ways that our analysis may be used to further feminism in Japan.