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Obesity, a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease and heart failure (HF), is associated with adverse cardiac remodeling in the general population. Little is known about how nutritional status modifies the relationship between obesity and outcomes. We aimed to investigate the association of obesity and nutritional status with clinical characteristics, echocardiographic changes, and clinical outcomes in the general community. We examined 5,300 consecutive asymptomatic Asian participants who were prospectively recruited in a cardiovascular health screening program (mean age 49.6 ± 11.4 years, 64.8% male) between June 2009 to December 2012. Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics were described in participants, stratified by combined subgroups of obesity and nutritional status. Obesity was indexed by body mass index (BMI) (low, [less than or equal to]25 kg/m.sup.2 [lean]; high, >25 kg/m.sup.2 [obese]) (WHO-recommended Asian cutoffs). Nutritional status was defined primarily by serum albumin (SA) concentration (low, <45 g/L [malnourished]; high, [greater than or equal to]45 g/L [well-nourished]), and secondarily by the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine a 1-year composite outcome of hospitalization for HF or all-cause mortality while adjusting for age, sex, and other clinical confounders. Our community-based cohort consisted of 2,096 (39.0%) lean-well-nourished (low BMI, high SA), 1,369 (25.8%) obese-well-nourished (high BMI, high SA), 1,154 (21.8%) lean-malnourished (low BMI, low SA), and 681 (12.8%) obese-malnourished (high BMI, low SA) individuals. Obese-malnourished participants were on average older (54.5 ± 11.4 years) and more often women (41%), with a higher mean waist circumference (91.7 ± 8.8 cm), the highest percentage of body fat (32%), and the highest prevalence of hypertension (32%), diabetes (12%), and history of cardiovascular disease (11%), compared to all other subgroups (all p < 0.001). N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels were substantially increased in the malnourished (versus well-nourished) groups, to a similar extent in lean (70.7 ± 177.3 versus 36.8 ± 40.4 pg/mL) and obese (73.1 ± 216.8 versus 33.2 ± 40.8 pg/mL) (p < 0.001 in both) participants. The obese-malnourished (high BMI, low SA) group also had greater left ventricular remodeling (left ventricular mass index, 44.2 ± 1.52 versus 33.8 ± 8.28 gm/m.sup.2 ; relative wall thickness 0.39 ± 0.05 versus 0.38 ± 0.06) and worse diastolic function (TDI-e' 7.97 ± 2.16 versus 9.87 ± 2.47 cm/s; E/e' 9.19 ± 3.01 versus 7.36 ± 2.31; left atrial volume index 19.5 ± 7.66 versus 14.9 ± 5.49 mL/m.sup.2) compared to the lean-well-nourished (low BMI, high SA) group, as well as all other subgroups (p < 0.001 for all). Over a median 3.6 years (interquartile range 2.5 to 4.8 years) of follow-up, the obese-malnourished group had the highest multivariable-adjusted risk of the composite outcome (hazard ratio [HR] 2.49, 95% CI 1.43 to 4.34, p = 0.001), followed by the lean-malnourished (HR 1.78, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.04, p = 0.034) and obese-well-nourished (HR 1.41, 95% CI 0.77 to 2.58, p = 0.27) groups (with lean-well-nourished group as reference). Results were similar when indexed by other anthropometric indices (waist circumference and body fat) and other measures of nutritional status (PNI and GLIM criteria). Potential selection bias and residual confounding were the main limitations of the study. In our cohort study among asymptomatic community-based adults in Taiwan, we found that obese individuals with poor nutritional status have the highest comorbidity burden, the most adverse cardiac remodeling, and the least favorable composite outcome.

Researchers have conducted many studies about the relationships between peri-cardiovascular fat, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), waist circumference, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Nevertheless, the relationship between NAFLD and pericardial fat (PCF)/thoracic peri-aortic adipose tissue (TAT) phenotypes was still unknown. This study aimed to explore whether PCF/TAT was associated with NAFLD/abdominal obesity (AO) phenotypes in different high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels. We consecutively studied 1655 individuals (mean age, 49.44 ± 9.76 years) who underwent a health-screening program. We showed a significant association between PCF/TAT and NAFLD/AO phenotypes in the cross-sectional study. We observed that the highest risk occurred in both abnormalities’ groups, and the second highest risk occurred in the AO-only group. Subjects with AO had a significantly increased risk of PCF or TAT compared to those with NAFLD. Notably, the magnitude of the associations between PCF/TAT and NAFLD/AO varied by the level of systemic inflammatory marker (hs-CRP level). We suggested that people with AO and NAFLD must be more careful about changes in PCF and TAT. Regular measurement of waist circumference (or AO) can be a more accessible way to monitor peri-cardiovascular fat (PCF and TAT), which may serve as a novel and rapid way to screen CVD in the future.

Detailed descriptions of acute pulmonary emboli (PE) morphology, total embolic volume (TEV), and their effects upon patients’ clinical presentation and prognosis remain largely unexplored. We studied 201 subjects with acute PE to the emergency department of a single medical center from April 2009 to December 2014. Patient hemodynamics, Troponin I and D-dimer levels, echocardiography, and the 30-day, 90-day and long-term mortality were obtained. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of pulmonary structures and 3-dimensional measures of embolic burden were performed. The results showed a linear association between the greater TEV and each of the following 4 variables (increasing incidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, higher systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP), greater RV diameter, and RV/left ventricular (LV) ratio (all p  < 0.001)). Among the measures of CT and echocardiography, TEV and RV/LV ratio were significantly associated with impending shock. In backward stepwise logistic regression, TEV, age and respiratory rate remained independent associated with impending shock (OR: 1.58, 1.03, 1.18, respectively and all p  < 0.005).Total embolic burden assessed by CT-based quantification serves as a useful index for stressed cardiopulmonary circulation condition and can provide insights into RV dysfunction and the prediction of impending shock.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients have a significantly higher risk of developing lung cancer (LC). There is only limited evidence of the use of texture-based radiomics features from high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) images for risk stratification of IPF patients for LC. We retrospectively enrolled subjects who suffered from IPF in this study. Clinical data including age, gender, smoking status, and pulmonary function were recorded. Non-contrast chest CT for fibrotic score calculation and determination of three dimensional measures of whole-lung texture and emphysema were performed using a promising deep learning imaging platform. The results revealed that among 116 subjects with IPF (90 non-cancer and 26 lung cancer cases), the radiomics features showed significant differences between non-cancer and cancer patients. In the training cohort, the diagnostic accuracy using selected radiomics features with AUC of 0.66–0.73 (sensitivity of 80.0–85.0% and specificity of 54.2–59.7%) was not inferior to that obtained using traditional risk factors, such as gender, smoking status, and emphysema (%). In the validation cohort, the combination of radiomics features and traditional risk factors produced a diagnostic accuracy of 0.87 AUC and an accuracy of 75.0%. In this study, we found that whole-lung CT texture analysis is a promising tool for LC risk stratification of IPF patients.

Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease that primarily occurs in elderly individuals. However, it is difficult to diagnose and has a complex disease course. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and lung function testing are crucial for its diagnosis and follow-up. However, the correlation of HRCT findings with lung function test results has not been extensively investigated. Methods This study retrospectively analysed the medical records and images of patients with IPF. Patients with evident emphysema and lung cancer were excluded. The diagnosis of all the included cases was confirmed following a discussion among specialists from multiple disciplines. The correlation of HRCT findings, including fibrotic score, HRCT lung volume, pulmonary artery trunk (PA) diameter and pulmonary vascular volume (PVV), with lung function test parameters, such as forced vital capacity (FVC) and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), was analysed. Results A total of 32 patients were included. Higher fibrotic and PVV scores were significantly correlated with lower DLCO (r =  − 0.59, p  = 0.01; r =  − 0.43, p  = 0.03, respectively) but not with FVC. Higher PVV score significantly correlated with higher fibrotic score (r = 0.59, p  < 0.01) and PA diameter (r = 0.47, p  = 0.006). Conclusion Our study demonstrated the structural and functional correlation of IPF. The extent of lung fibrosis (fibrotic score) and PVV score were associated with DLCO but not with FVC. The PA diameter, which reflects the pulmonary artery pressure, was found to be associated with the PVV score.

Although several studies have demonstrated the cardiovascular (CV) implication of hypoalbuminemia and arterial calcification among hemodialysis patients, little is known regarding their cardiac correlates and relevant CV outcomes in asymptomatic individuals. We assessed the potential CV interrelation between serum albumin (SA) and aortic calcification. Among 2,723 asymptomatic individuals underwent cardiovascular health check-up, we assessed serum albumin (SA) level, thoracic aortic calcification (TAC) and coronary artery calcification (CAC) by multi-detector computed tomography, and ultrasound-determined carotid plaque burden. We related these measures to cardiac structure/function and CV outcomes. Lower SA level was associated with higher TAC score and volume rather than carotid plaque or coronary calcification burden in fully adjusted models. By categorizing the study population into 4 groups by SA (>, ≤ 4.6 mg/dL) and presence of TAC, subjects classified into low SA/TAC(+) category were oldest with highest prevalent CV disease. Both lower SA and TAC(+) were independently associated with impaired myocardial systolic/diastolic mechanics and higher CV events during a median of 6.6 years (IQR: 5.1, 6.8 years) follow-up. Participants classified into low SA/TAC(+) category showed highest risk for CV events (adjusted HR: 3.78 [95% CI: 2.11, 6.77], high SA/TAC[-] as reference) in fully adjusted Cox model. Among symptom-free individuals, TAC was closely associated with low SA concentration in relation to unfavorable cardiac mechanics and may serve as a useful prognosticator for adverse CV events.

Background This study assessed the performance of visceral adiposity index and body shape index in predicting diabetes mellitus (DM) risk and compared their predictive ability to that of body mass index and waist circumference. Methods Among 8249 consecutive subjects who attended the Nationwide Health Check Up System for Senior Citizens (≥ 65 years) between 2008 and 2018, we examined the associations of several adiposity indices with DM risk and explored gender differences. Results Among all adiposity indicators, Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) demonstrated the highest discriminatory ability for diabetes mellitus with area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) of 0.65, 0.68, and 0.66 for men, women, and all participants, respectively, and optimal cut-offs set as 126.09 in men and 117.77 in women. Compared with body shape index (ABSI), both CVAI and VAI were strongly associated with baseline DM (adjusted OR: 4.85, 95% CI: 4.05–5.82 and 4.22, 95% CI: 3.53–5.05 for 4th vs 1st quartile groups by CVAI and VAI, P  < 0.001), which was more pronounced in older adult women ( P interaction  < 0.05). Over a median of 5.25 years (IQR: 3.07–6.44 years) follow-up, Cox regression models showed higher predictive ability of CVAI and VAI compared to ABSI. Further, both CVAI and VAI independently predicted new-onset DM (adjusted HR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.22–1.37 and 1.16, 95% CI: 1.11–1.21 by CVAI and VAI) and composite endpoint of new DM and death among those without baseline DM. Conclusions Our population-based data demonstrated that Chinese visceral adiposity index may serve as a superior clinical indicator of diabetes when compared with conventional anthropometric indices among older adult Chinese, especially in women.

Objectives To investigate the diagnostic performance of 70-kVp stress dynamic myocardial CT perfusion (CTP) as a low-dose, one-stop cardiac CT examination in clinical application. Materials and methods Consecutive symptomatic patients were prospectively recruited and scanned with stress dynamic myocardial CTP. The CTP phase with the best enhancement of the coronary arteries was selected and extracted as the CTP-derived single-phase coronary CT angiography (SP-CTA). The diagnostic performance of CTP and CTP+SP-CTA for functionally significant CAD was assessed. Invasive coronary angiography and fractional flow reserve were used as the reference standard for the myocardial ischemia evaluation. Results In total, 71 patients (43 men and 28 women; 63.6 ± 8.8 years old) underwent the stress dynamic myocardial CTP; 63 vessels (36.2%) from 42 of the patients (59.2%) were identified as causing ischemia. On a per-vessel basis, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and diagnostic accuracy for CTP and CTP+SP-CTA were 77.8%, 93.7%, 87.5%, 88.1%, and 87.9% and 84.1%, 93.7%, 88.3%, 91.2%, and 90.2%, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) of CTP+SP-CTA (AUC = 0.963; 95%CI, 0.938–0.989) was significantly superior to that of CTP (AUC = 0.922; 95%CI, 0.880–0.964) and that of SP-CTA (AUC = 0.833; 95%CI, 0.765–0.900) alone (all p  < 0.01). The mean radiation dose of the CTP examination was 3.8 ± 1.4 mSv. Conclusion CTP-derived SP-CTA improved the diagnostic value of CTP. With a promising performance of myocardial ischemia detection and low radiation dose, the innovative low-dose, one-stop CTP examination is clinically feasible for patients who need to receive a myocardial perfusion assessment. Key Points • Myocardial CTP performed well in the evaluation of hemodynamically significant CAD. • CTP-derived single-phase CCTA improved the diagnostic value of CTP. • The combined use of low-dose CTP and CTP-derived CCTA at 70 kVp is clinically feasible for CAD patients who need to receive a myocardial perfusion assessment.

Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is routinely used for anatomical assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, invasive measurement of fractional flow reserve (FFR) is the current gold standard for the diagnosis of hemodynamically significant CAD. CT-derived FFRCT and CT perfusion are two emerging techniques that can provide a functional assessment of CAD for risk stratification and clinical decision making. Several clinical studies have shown that the diagnostic performance of concomitant CCTA and functional CT assessment for detecting hemodynamically significant CAD is at least non-inferior to that of other routinely used imaging modalities. This article aims to review the current clinical evidence and recent developments in functional CT techniques.

Hyperuricemia (HU) is a marker for heart failure. There are relatively few data in the Asian population regarding the effects of hyperuricemia and gouty disorders on cardiac remodeling and diastolic dysfunction (DD), an intermediate stage in the development of heart failure. We consecutively recruited asymptomatic Asian individuals to undergo cardiovascular surveys. We categorized them into Non-HU, HU, and Gout groups. We measured cardiac structure and indices for diastolic function, including tissue Doppler (TDI)-derived LV e' and E/e'. Among 5525 participants, 1568 had HU and 347 had gout. The presence of gout and higher uric acid levels (SUA) ( = 10 mg/dL) were associated with greater LV wall thickness, greater LV mass/volumes, larger LA volume, lower LV e' and higher E/e'. Higher SUA was associated with greater LV mass index (adjusted coefficient: 0.37), greater mass/volume ratio (adjusted coefficient: 0.01) and larger LA volume index (adjusted coefficient: 0.39, all p<0.05). Both HU and Gout groups were associated with lower LV e' (coefficient: -0.086, -0.05), higher E/e' (coefficient: 0.075, 0.35, all p <0.05), larger LA volume, and higher DD risk (adjusted ORs: 1.21 and 1.91 using Non-HU as reference, respectively, both p <0.05). SUA set at 7.0 mg/dL provided the optimal cut-off for identifying DD, with markedly lower e' (HU: 8.94 vs 8.07, Gout: 7.94 vs 7.26 cm/sec) and higher LV E/e' in HU/Gout women than in men (HU: 7.84 vs 9.79 cm/sec for men and women, respectively, all p <0.05). Hyperuricemia, even at a relatively low clinical cut-off, was associated with unfavorable remodeling and was tightly linked to diastolic dysfunction. The presence of gout likely aggravated these conditions. Women with hyperuricemia or gout had worse diastolic indices than men despite similar degrees of LV remodeling.