Explore the vast range of titles available.

Controlling the crystallinity and surface morphology of perovskite layers by methods such as solvent engineering 1 , 2 and methylammonium chloride addition 3 – 7 is an effective strategy for achieving high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. In particular, it is essential to deposit α-formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI 3 ) perovskite thin films with few defects due to their excellent crystallinity and large grain size. Here we report the controlled crystallization of perovskite thin films with the combination of alkylammonium chlorides (RACl) added to FAPbI 3 . The δ-phase to α-phase transition of FAPbI 3 and the crystallization process and surface morphology of the perovskite thin films coated with RACl under various conditions were investigated through in situ grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. RACl added to the precursor solution was believed to be easily volatilized during coating and annealing owing to dissociation into RA 0 and HCl with deprotonation of RA + induced by RA⋯H + -Cl − binding to PbI 2 in FAPbI 3 . Thus, the type and amount of RACl determined the δ-phase to α-phase transition rate, crystallinity, preferred orientation and surface morphology of the final α-FAPbI 3 . The resulting perovskite thin layers facilitated the fabrication of perovskite solar cells with a power-conversion efficiency of 26.08% (certified 25.73%) under standard illumination. In situ grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the crystallization process and surface morphology of perovskite thin films coated with alkylammonium chlorides, which were used to fabricate high-efficiency perovskite solar cells.

Tin‐halide perovskite solar cells (THPSCs), while offering low toxicity and high theoretical power conversion efficiency, suffer from inferior device performance compared to lead‐based counterparts. The primary limitations arise from challenges in fabricating high‐quality perovskite films and mitigating the oxidation of Sn2+ ions, which leads to severe non‐radiative voltage losses. To address these issues, we incorporate the rare‐earth element erbium chloride (ErCl3) into PEA0.15FA0.70EA0.15SnI2.70Br0.30 perovskite to effectively control the nucleation and crystal growth, significantly influencing the morphology of the perovskite films. As a result, the ErCl3‐processed THPSC exhibits an impressive open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.83 V and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.0% with the superior light and air stability, compared to the control device (VOC = 0.77 V and PCE = 12.8%). This ErCl3‐strategy provides a feasible solution for high‐performance THPSCs by regulating nucleation/crystallization kinetics and mitigating excessive crystal defects during the preparation process of lead‐free perovskites. The study demonstrates that the incorporation of erbium chloride (ErCl3) into tin‐halide perovskite solar cells (THPSCs) effectively controls nucleation and crystallization, resulting in improved film morphology. This approach significantly enhances the efficiency and stability of THPSCs, leading to higher open‐circuit voltage (VOC) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to traditional devices.

Efficient and stable tin halide perovskite solar cells (THPSCs) require improved interfacial engineering at the electron transport layer (ETL); however, poor interfacial contact and trap‐induced recombination remain key limitations. Here, we present a morphologically uniform ETL formed by blending PC 61 BM with 5 wt% of the conjugated polymer P3HT. This structure suppresses interfacial trap states and facilitates effective carrier extraction through improved contact and vertical phase continuity. The optimized devices achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.06%, with an independently certified efficiency of 15.3%. Structural and spectroscopic analyses reveal a trap‐suppressed and chemically stabilized interface. The devices also exhibit long‐term operational stability, retaining 94% of their initial PCE after 900 h of ambient storage under encapsulation. Furthermore, the successful fabrication of a 12 cm 2 mini‐module achieving a PCE of 10.44% validates the scalability of this approach. These findings underscore the potential of conjugated polymer‐modified ETLs to address intrinsic limitations of tin‐based perovskites and advance the development of efficient, stable, scalable, and lead‐free photovoltaic technologies.

The use of non-toxic or less-toxic solvents in the mass production of solution-processed perovskite solar cells is essential. However, halide perovskites are generally not completely soluble in most non-toxic solvents. Here we report the deposition of dense and uniform α-formamidinium lead triiodide (α-FAPbI 3 ) films using perovskite precursor solutions dissolved in ethanol-based solvent. The process does not require an antisolvent dripping step. The combination of a Lewis base, such as dimethylacetamide (or dimethylsulfoxide), and an alkylammonium chloride (RNH 3 Cl) in ethanol results in the stable solvation of FAPbI 3 . The RNH 3 Cl added to the FAPbI 3 precursor solution is removed during spin-coating and high-temperature annealing via iodoplumbate complexes, such as PbI 2 ·RNH 2 and PbI 2 ·HCl, coordinated with dimethylacetamide (or dimethylsulfoxide). It is possible to form very dense and uniform α-FAPbI 3 perovskite films with high crystallinity by combining several types of RNH 3 Cl. We obtain power conversion efficiencies of 24.3% using a TiO 2 electrode, and of 25.1% with a SnO 2 electrode. Manufacturing of perovskite solar cells would benefit from the avoidance of hazardous solvents and multistep processing. Now, Yun et al. report an ethanol-based perovskite precursor solution that does not need an antisolvent step, enabling devices with 25% efficiency.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is prevalent and has devastating consequences for college students. Online counseling (OC) may be a way to decrease barriers to help. This study seeks to determine openness to OC compared to face-to-face counseling (F2F) by examining: (1) How openness to OC varies depending on college students’ personal and IPV characteristics and (2) How these characteristics vary compared to college non-IPV survivors. Two linear regressions were conducted using a sample from a cross sectional survey. First with the entire sample of college students (N = 1,518) to examine characteristics of those more open to OC and second with only those that identified as experiencing IPV (n = 1,211). The results demonstrated that IPV survivors are less open to OC than to F2F counseling (b = -.23, p < .01). For the model with all college students, those who were significantly more open to OC were female (b = -.39, p < .001), identified as LGBT (b = .23, p < .05), or Asian/Pacific Islander (API) (b = .26, p < .05), and had a physical health issue (b = -.19, p < .05). For the model that only analyzed IPV survivors, the same characteristics were shown to be significantly related to openness to OC. More research is needed to explore why IPV survivors are less open to OC compared to F2F counseling. Exploring why characteristics of female, LGBT, and physical health issues lead to openness to OC could help understand what barriers need to be addressed for wider use.

This study examines the relationships among adverse childhood experiences; such as child maltreatment and peer victimization; bystander intervention outcomes; and survivors’ long-term health. Using a sample of 199 college students, multiple regressions show that bystander intervention outcomes affected survivors’ physical and mental health. This suggests the importance of bystander interventions, not only for helping survivors when incidents occur but also for promoting their long-term health.