Explore the vast range of titles available.

Dopamine system plays a pivotal role in specific kinds of substance use disorders (SUD, i.e. cocaine and methamphetamine use disorders). Many studies addressed whether dopamine-involved craving could be alleviated by non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques. Nevertheless, the outcomes were highly inconsistent and the stimulating parameters were highly variable. In the current study, we ran a meta-analysis to identify an overall effect size of NIBS and try to find stimulating parameters of special note. We primarily find 2530 unduplicated studies in PubMed, Psychology & Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO and Google Scholar database involving “Cocaine”/ “Amphetamine”/ “Methamphetamine” binded with “TMS”/ “tDCS”/ “non-invasive stimulation” in either field. After visual screening, 26 studies remained. While 16 studies were further excluded due to the lack of data, invalid craving scoring or the absence of sham condition. At last, 16 units of analysis in 12 eligible studies were coded and forwarded to a random-effect analysis. The results showed a large positive main effect of stimulation (Hedge’s g = 1.116, CI = [0.597, 1.634]). Further subgroup analysis found that only high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) could elicit a significant decrease in craving, while the outcome of low-frequency stimulation was relatively controversial. Moreover, univariate meta regression revealed that the number of pulses per session could impose negative moderation towards the intervention. No significant moderation effect was found in types of abuse, overall days of stimulation and other variables of stimulating protocol. In conclusion, this meta-analysis offered a persuasive evidence for the feasibility of using NIBS to remit substance addictive behavior directly based on dopamine system. We also give clear methodological guidance that researchers are expected to use high-frequency, sufficiently segmented rTMS to improve the efficacy in future treatments.

Road crack detection is of paramount importance for ensuring vehicular traffic safety, and implementing traditional detection methods for cracks inevitably impedes the optimal functioning of traffic. In light of the above, we propose a USSC-YOLO-based target detection algorithm for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) road cracks based on machine vision. The algorithm aims to achieve the high-precision detection of road cracks at all scale levels. Compared with the original YOLOv5s, the main improvements to USSC-YOLO are the ShuffleNet V2 block, the coordinate attention (CA) mechanism, and the Swin Transformer. First, to address the problem of large network computational spending, we replace the backbone network of YOLOv5s with ShuffleNet V2 blocks, reducing computational overhead significantly. Next, to reduce the problems caused by the complex background interference, we introduce the CA attention mechanism into the backbone network, which reduces the missed and false detection rate. Finally, we integrate the Swin Transformer block at the end of the neck to enhance the detection accuracy for small target cracks. Experimental results on our self-constructed UAV near–far scene road crack i(UNFSRCI) dataset demonstrate that our model reduces the giga floating-point operations per second (GFLOPs) compared to YOLOv5s while achieving a 6.3% increase in mAP@50 and a 12% improvement in mAP@ [50:95]. This indicates that the model remains lightweight meanwhile providing excellent detection performance. In future work, we will assess road safety conditions based on these detection results to prioritize maintenance sequences for crack targets and facilitate further intelligent management.

Background Anxious depression (AD) is a common subtype of major depressive disorder (MDD). Neuroimaging studies of AD have revealed inconsistent and heterogeneous brain alterations with the use of single-model methods. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the pathogenesis of AD using multi-model imaging analyses to obtain more homogeneous and robust results. Methods One hundred and eighty-two patients with MDD and 64 matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to estimate the gray matter volume (GMV) of all subjects. The GMV differences between the AD and non-anxious depression (NAD) participants were used as regions of interest (ROIs) for subsequent resting state functional connectivity (rs-FC) analyses. Correlation analysis was used to evaluate the associations between clinical symptoms and abnormal function in specific brain areas. Results Decreased GMV in the medial frontal gyrus (MFG) and the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) was observed in the AD group compared to the NAD group. Taking the MFG and SFG as ROIs, the rs-FC analysis revealed decreased FC between the left SFG and left temporal pole and between the left SFG and right MFG in the AD group compared to the NAD group. Finally, the FC between the left SFG and left temporal pole was negatively correlated with HAMD-17 scores in the AD group. Conclusion By combining the GMV and rs-FC models, this study revealed that structural and functional disruption of the affective network may be an important pathophysiology underlying AD. The structural impairment may serve as the foundation of the functional impairment.

Ormosia microphylla is a nationally prioritized wild plant in China but effects of likely future climate change have been poorly studied. Here distribution data of O. microphylla and environmental data with an optimized MaxEnt maximum entropy model were used to predict potentially suitable areas under current and future climate scenarios. The results showed that with future climate warming, the total area suitable for O. microphylla might gradually increase. In the three future periods (2030s (2021–2040), 2050s (2041–2060) and 2090s (2081–2100)), the medium and high suitable areas under different climate scenarios generally showed an expanding trend, while the low suitable areas mostly showed a decreasing trend. At the same time, the potential suitable areas for O. microphylla in China have shown a certain degree of migration trend towards higher latitudes in the north and northwest, as well as a trend towards higher altitudes. The research results will provide data support for the protection of germplasm resources and the development of artificial cultivation techniques for O. microphylla , and provide a theoretical basis for the protection of other rare and endangered plants.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects and 1‐year outcomes of RA in patients with severe calcified coronary artery CTO. Methods: Data were collected from 395 individuals with severe calcified CTO who received treatment at Liaoning Provincial People’s Hospital. These patients were categorized into two groups: those receiving RA and those receiving non‐RA. The association between RA and the incidence of MACCEs within the 1‐year postoperative period was evaluated via the Cox proportional hazards model. Results: In patients with CTO exhibiting severe calcification, we compared various factors, including age, BMI, history of diabetes, left ventricular ejection fraction, low‐density lipoprotein levels, hemoglobin, creatinine, the glomerular filtration rate, and family history of coronary heart disease, between those who underwent RA and those who did not. In addition, we assessed medical history, cardiac bypass surgery, cerebrovascular disease, coronary interventions, the number of CTO lesions, operation time, irradiation time, contrast agent usage, and the incidence rates of MACCEs, all of which were found to be statistically significant ( p < 0.05). These significant indicators and the occurrence of MACCEs within 1 year were incorporated into the Cox survival regression analysis, which revealed that the use of RA ( p = 0.010, HR: 0.457, 95% CI: 0.251–0.830) was independently correlated with a lower MACCE rate. Furthermore, the survival curve of the non‐RA group was significantly lower than that of the RA group. Conclusion: Intervention with RA is associated with a lower MACCE rate in patients with severely calcified CTO. These findings imply that the potential of RA could be an alternative treatment modality in these patients. However, more evidence and further randomized controlled studies are needed to verify these findings.

Most steppes are experiencing postgrazing succession, coupled with rainfall change and nitrogen (N) deposition. Despite the importance of soil resources in shaping community multifunctionality, little is known about how rainfall increase and N deposition influence steppe composition and production during postgrazing succession. We performed a field factorial experiment, subject to rainfall and N, each with three levels, to understand how simulated rainfall increase and N deposition affect the composition and production of a Leymus chinensis steppe. At the low rainfall increase, the dominance of L. chinensis increased with increasing N, while aboveground community production remained unchanged along the N gradient. At the high rainfall increase, aboveground community production was enhanced due to low N addition, but this facilitation disappeared in the presence of high N addition, and L. chinensis dominance was no longer affected by N. N-induced soil eutrophication but not soil acidification and soil microbes strongly affected steppe composition and production. Our findings suggest that high rainfall increase might weaken the potential of N addition to contribute to steppe composition and production, and also highlight the necessity of investigating interactions among multiple global change drivers.

Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA) method can examine higher-dimensional fractal and multifractal characteristics hidden in time series. However, removal of local trends in MFDFA is based on discontinuous polynomial fitting, resulting in pseudo-fluctuation errors. In this paper, we propose a two-stage modified MFDFA for multifractal analysis. First, an overlap moving window (OMW) algorithm is introduced to divide time series of the classic MFDFA method. Second, detrending by polynomial fitting local trend in traditional MFDFA is replaced by ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD)-based local trends. The modified MFDFA is named OMW-EEMD-MFDFA. Then, the performance of the OMW-EEMD-MFDFA method is assessed by extensive numeric simulation experiments based on a p-model of multiplicative cascading process. The results show that the modified OMW-EEMD-MFDFA method performs better than conventional MFDFA and OMW-MFDFA methods. Lastly, the modified OMW-EEMD-MFDFA method is applied to explore multifractal characteristics and multifractal sources of daily precipitation time series data at the Mapoling and Zhijiang stations in Dongting Lake Basin. Our results showed that the scaling properties of the daily precipitation time series at the two stations presented a long-range correlation, showing a long-term persistence of the previous state. The strong q-dependence of H ( q ) and τ ( q ) indicated strong multifractal characteristics in daily precipitation time series data at the two stations. Positive Δ f values demonstrate that precipitation may have a local increasing trend. Comparing the generalized Hurst exponent and the multifractal strength of the original precipitation time series data with its shuffled and surrogate time series data, we found that the multifractal characteristics of the daily precipitation time series data were caused by both long-range correlations between small and large fluctuations and broad probability density function, but the broad probability density function was dominant. This study may be of practical and scientific importance in regional precipitation forecasting, extreme precipitation regulation, and water resource management in Dongting Lake Basin.

Downy mildew of foxtail millet is an important oomycete disease caused by Sclerospora graminicola , affecting the yield and quality of the crop. Foxtail millet infected with S. graminicola exhibit symptoms of leaf yellowing and leaf cracking. To uncover the pathogenic mechanism of this disease, we explored the effects on chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis of foxtail millet leaves infected by S. graminicola . An elite foxtail millet variety, JG21, susceptible to S. graminicola , was used as for this study. S. graminicola inhibited chlorophyll synthesis and caused loose mesophyll cell arrangement. In addition, some cells were severely vacuolated in S. graminicola -infected foxtail millet leaves at the early stages of infection. S. graminicola could invade the mesophyll cells through haustoria which destroyed the chloroplast structure at the middle stages of infection causing significant accumulation of osmiophilic particles (OPs) and disintegrated chloroplast grana lamellae. Furthermore, foxtail millet leaves split longitudinally at the later stages of infection. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in infected leaves decreased significantly compared with those in the control. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of leaves and stomatal conductance showed a downward trend, and intercellular carbon dioxide concentrations increased significantly following the infection with S. graminicola . A total of 1,618 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between the control group and the treatment groups using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) among S1–S5 stages. DEGs associated with “photosynthesis” and “light reaction” were enriched. Gene expression patterns showed that 91.3% of 23 genes related to chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis, were significantly down-regulated than the control during S1–S5 stages. Based on the gene expression dataset, weighed gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) with 19 gene co-expression modules related to photosynthesis revealed six hub genes related to chlorophyll synthesis, which were suppressed during infection. The results suggest that infection of S. graminicola led to weak chlorophyll synthesis and rapid chloroplasts disappearance in foxtail millet. The defense responses and resistance of foxtail millet to S. graminicola were inhibited because chloroplast structure and function were destroyed in leaves, and the sexual reproduction in S. graminicola could be completed rapidly.

Background Nanomaterials that exhibit intrinsic enzyme-like characteristics have shown great promise as potential antibacterial agents. However, many of them exhibit inefficient antibacterial activity and biosafety problems that limit their usefulness. The development of new nanomaterials with good biocompatibility and rapid bactericidal effects is therefore highly desirable. Here, we show a new type of terbium oxide nanoparticles (Tb 4 O 7 NPs) with intrinsic oxidase-like activity for in vitro and in vivo antibacterial application. Results We find that Tb 4 O 7 NPs can quickly oxidize a series of organic substrates in the absence of hydrogen peroxide. The oxidase-like capacity of Tb 4 O 7 NPs allows these NPs to consume antioxidant biomolecules and generate reactive oxygen species to disable bacteria in vitro. Moreover, the in vivo experiments showed that Tb 4 O 7 NPs are efficacious in wound-healing and are protective of normal tissues. Conclusions Our results reveal that Tb 4 O 7 NPs have intrinsic oxidase-like activity and show effective antibacterial ability both in vitro and in vivo. These findings demonstrate that Tb 4 O 7 NPs are effective antibacterial agents and may have a potential application in wound healing.

Atherosclerosis(AS) is a chronic vascular disease resulting from the combined effects of lipid deposition and inflammatory responses, in which the phenotypic plasticity of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays a central role in disease progression. Under aerobic conditions, VSMCs undergo a metabolic shift reminiscent of the \"Warburg effect\", supporting their proliferation, migration, and phenotypic modulation through enhanced glycolytic flux. Despite its pathophysiological significance, the mechanistic interplay between glycolytic reprogramming in VSMCs and atherosclerotic progression remains inadequately systematized. This review aims to bridge this knowledge gap by synthesizing emerging evidence on how glycolysis orchestrates VSMCs remodeling and contributes to the clinical manifestations of AS. Furthermore, we explore the synergistic coupling between glycolytic metabolism and electrophysiological dynamics in VSMCs-an emerging area with transformative potential. Our methodology integrates multidimensional strategies: first, we delineate the metabolic drivers of VSMCs phenotypic switching in AS; second, we combine in vitro and in vivo models to elucidate the role of VSMCs glycolysis in diabetes-accelerated AS and in-stent restenosis; lastly, we investigate metaboloelectrophysiological crosstalk and ion channel regulation as central mechanisms. This synthesis provides a conceptual and mechanistic foundation for targeting glycolytic pathways in AS and its complications, offering novel avenues for therapeutic intervention.