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Introduction: Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Awareness of orthodontic treatment varies in different regions. Undergoing orthodontic treatment to correct malocclusion would be very beneficial to children as it could help eliminate bullying by peers regarding facial appearance. This kind of bullying by peers could affect the child psychologically. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted in Karad Taluka in Maharashtra. A total of 378 subjects were selected. The schools were randomly selected. A questionnaire including general information, knowledge, and awareness of orthodontic treatment was prepared, and the teachers were given 15 min to fill it. Since it was a short period of time to gather information from other sources, the participants answered the questionnaire using their own knowledge. The purpose of this questionnaire, which consisted of 12 questions in both English and Marathi was to evaluate the level of knowledge the teachers had about orthodontic treatment. The purpose of the study and questionnaire forms were explained by the examiner. The responses of the teachers to the questions were recorded on a 2-point Likert scale {YES or NO}. Results: Simple descriptive statistics was applied to describe the study variables. A Chi-square test of independence was performed to check independence between answers and gender for each question. Conclusion: Within limits of this study, it may be concluded that knowledge of available treatments was more in males compared to females in rural areas.

This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of maxillary anterior tooth movement with aligners in a period of two weeks using Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)

Objective: The study compared 2 Light Emitting Diode (LED) curing units with a universal testing machine for checking the shear bond strength and also evaluated adhesive remnant index (ARI). Methods: This in vitro study was carried out on sound 120 human extracted premolars. All the teeth were bonded with adhesive precoated metal brackets. The brackets were instantly set in place and confidently pressed against the tooth surfaces and polymerization of brackets was done with LED curing units [VALO and ELIPAR]. Both groups were further divided according to different debond times. SBS values in all the cases were measured at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min and a 50-kg load cell. Significance for all statistical tests was predetermined at p < .05. Results: In-vitro bond strengths for the LED curing units (Elipar and VALO) were 8.84±3.141 MPa and 9.87±5.591 MPa, respectively. Moreover, the shear bond strength was improving with time from 12 hours to 7 days in both the units. An equivalent distribution of the ARI (Adhesive Remnant Index) scores of 0, 1, and 3 was noticed for all debond times but an ARI score of 2 was not observed in this group. However, in LED unit (VALO) all the ARI scores (0, 1, 2, 3) were observed at different deboning times. Conclusions: The results revealed that the shear bond strength (MPa) improved with time from 12 hours to 7 days in both the curing units.

Curve of Spee was first described by Ferdin and Graf Von Spee in 1890. The curve of Spee is an important characteristic of the mandibular dental arch. One of the most frequently encountered problems in the treatment of orthodontic patients is an excessive overbite. Deep bite has been found to be associated with abnormal mandibular function. Temporomandibular joint disorders also have potentially detrimental effects on mandibular development. Andrews advocated leveling the curve of Spee to aflat curve, in order to facilitate construction of an optimal occlusion and that a flat plane should be given as a form of over treatment. There is no reliable information currently available from the literature about the long-term stability of the curve of Spee and the factors influencing the same. The objective of this study was to assess the post-retention development of the curve of Spee and to evaluate the dental and skeletal parameters as predictors of its post-retention stability. Pre-treatment (Tl), post-treatment (T2) and post-retention (T3) dental casts and lateral cephalograms of 24 orthodontically treated patients having a mean age of 14.5 years were evaluated. The mean period of the study group after retention was up to 2.6 years (range = 1-5 years). Pre-treatment T1, post-treatment T2, and post-retention T3 casts and radiographs were measured. The data were tabulated and statistically analyzed. A highly significant positive correlation was observed between the changes in the curve of Spee during treatment (T2-T1) and the net result after retention (T3-T2). This means that much of the treatment results remained stable at T3. However, slight change was noticed in curve of Spee's depth during the time interval T3-T2. This finding was very negligible and was not statistically significant. The leveling of the curve of Spee during the treatment is a stable treatment objective on long term basis. There was a mild correlation existing between the curve of Spee and the different dental and skeletal parameters.

Neurotoxicity is a serious health problem of patients chronically exposed to arsenic. There is no specific treatment of this problem. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathological process of neurotoxicity. Polyphenolics have proven antioxidant activity, thereby offering protection against oxidative stress. In this study, we have isolated the polyphenolics from Acacia nilotica and investigated its effect against arsenic-induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice. Acacia nilotica polyphenolics prepared from column chromatography of the crude methanol extract using diaion resin contained a phenolic content of 452.185 ± 7.879 mg gallic acid equivalent/gm of sample and flavonoid content of 200.075 ± 0.755 mg catechin equivalent/gm of sample. The polyphenolics exhibited potent antioxidant activity with respect to free radical scavenging ability, total antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Administration of arsenic in mice showed a reduction of acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain which was counteracted by Acacia nilotica polyphenolics. Similarly, elevation of lipid peroxidation and depletion of glutathione in the brain of mice was effectively restored to normal level by Acacia nilotica polyphenolics. Gallic acid methyl ester, catechin and catechin-7-gallate were identified in the polyphenolics as the major active compounds. These results suggest that Acacia nilotica polyphenolics due to its strong antioxidant potential might be effective in the management of arsenic induced neurotoxicity.

Wedelia chinensis is a folk medicine used in many Asian countries to treat various ailments. Earlier investigations reported that the petroleum ether extract of the plant has potential biological activity, but the compounds responsible for activity are not yet completely known. Therefore, the current work was designed to isolate and characterize the compounds from the petroleum ether extract and to study their bioactivities. Four compounds including two diterepenes (-) kaur-16α-hydroxy-19-oic acid (1) and (-) kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (2), and two steroids β-sitosterol (3), and cholesta-5,23-dien-3-ol (4) were isolated and characterized. Among the compounds, the diterpenes were found to have more biological activities than the steroidal compounds. Compound 1 showed the highest cytotoxicity with LC50 of 12.42 ± 0.87 μg/mL. Likewise, it possesses good antioxidant activity in terms of reducing power. On the contrary, compound 2 exerted the highest antiacetylcholinesterase and antibutyrylcholinesterase activity. Both the diterpenes showed almost similar antibacterial and antifungal activity. The identification of diterpenoid and steroid compounds with multifunctional activities suggests that W. chinensis may serve as an important source of bioactive compounds which should be further investigated in animal model for therapeutic potential in the treatment of different chronic diseases.

Boerhavia diffusa is traditionally used for liver disorders and immunomodulation, but the mechanisms of its active flavonoid glycoside, eupalitin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (EGP), remain incompletely defined. EGP was isolated by bioactivity-guided fractionation, and an ICH-aligned HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography) method was developed and validated for its quantification. Mechanistic plausibility was probed by docking EGP to KEAP1 (NRF2 pathway; PDB: 6QMK) and the NF-κB p52–DNA complex (PDB: 1A3Q), benchmarking against silymarin and levamisole. Hepatoprotection was assessed in rats with D-galactosamine (GalN, 400 mg/kg, i.p.)–induced injury following prophylactic EGP (100 mg/kg, p.o.) via serum transaminases (ALT, AST), ALP, bilirubin, hepatic antioxidants (SOD, catalase, GSH), and histology. In vitro cytoprotection was evaluated in hepatocytes challenged with CCl4 (MTT assay), and immunostimulation was screened by LPS-induced NO release in RAW 264.7 macrophages. HPLC resolved a single EGP peak (Rt 2.79 min) with excellent linearity (R2 = 0.999), precision (RSD < 2%), and sensitivity (LOD 3 ng; LOQ 5 ng). Docking supported target engagement: for KEAP1 (6QMK), EGP achieved Glide scores of −7.29/−7.00 kcal·mol⁻1 versus silymarin −6.31/−6.16; for NF-κB p52–DNA (1A3Q), EGP scored −5.20/−4.53 versus levamisole −0.11. In vivo, EGP markedly ameliorated GalN hepatotoxicity, reducing ALT by 74%, AST by 63%, ALP by 38%, and bilirubin by 68%, while restoring antioxidant defenses (SOD +422%, catalase +190%, GSH +255%); histology corroborated near-normal lobular architecture with minimal periportal inflammation. In vitro, EGP improved hepatocyte viability in a dose-dependent manner (58% at 100 μg/mL; 67% at 200 μg/mL), comparable to silymarin (100 μg/mL). EGP also increased NO output in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, consistent with immunostimulatory activity. EGP is a quantifiable B. diffusa constituent that exhibits convergent hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory effects across in silico, in vivo, and in vitro assays. These findings motivate pharmacokinetic studies and pathway-level validation (NRF2/ARE, NF-κB, MAPKs, iNOS/COX-2) to enable translation.

Enhydra fluctuans, a popular vegetable in Bangladesh, is used in folk medicine to treat diseases of the nervous system. The objective of this study was to investigate the phytochemical profile and cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant potential of the extracts of E. fluctuans. Among the four tested extracts, the chloroform extract was found to exert the highest inhibition against both the acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes with the IC50 (concentration required for 50% inhibition) values of 83.90 μg/mL and 48.14 μg/mL, respectively. Likewise, the chloroform extract showed the highest radical scavenging activity and reducing power. In DPPH radical scavenging assay, the IC50 value was found to be 113.27 μg/mL, and in reducing power assay, the absorbance was found to be 1.916 at a concentration of 50 μg/mL. Phytochemical analyses revealed that the chloroform extract contained 19.16 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract of phenolics and 41.84 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g extract of flavonoids, which appeared to be the highest among the extracts. A significant correlation was observed between phenolic content and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition and antioxidant activity, while a moderate correlation was seen between flavonoid content and cholinesterase inhibition and antioxidant activity. These findings suggest that E. fluctuans is a natural source of cholinesterase inhibitors and antioxidants, which could be utilized as functional foods for Alzheimer’s disease management.