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This paper investigates the complex causal relationships between various types of environmental regulatory instruments (ERI) and agri-firms’ technological innovation employing fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). The study finds a well-designed set of ERI can promote technological innovation in agribusiness; control-command ERI cannot promote technological innovation in agribusiness solely, market-incentivized ERI is indispensable in promoting firms’ innovation performance, implicit ERI plays an important role in promoting firms’ innovation and voluntary ERI does not play a significant role in promoting firms’ technological innovation. The government should coordinate among various types of ERI and improve the design of ERI to achieve a win-win situation for both economic and environmental performance in the agriculture sector.

Guard cells regulate stomatal pore size through integration of both endogenous and environmental signals; they are widely recognized as providing a key switching mechanism that maximizes both the efficient use of water and rates of CO2 exchange for photosynthesis; this is essential for the adaptation of plants to water stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are widely considered to be an important player in guard cell signalling. In this review, we focus on recent progress concerning the role of ROS as signal molecules in controlling stomatal movement, the interaction between ROS and intrinsic and environmental response pathways, the specificity of ROS signalling, and how ROS signals are sensed and relayed. However, the picture of ROS-mediated signalling is still fragmented and the issues of ROS sensing and the specificity of ROS signalling remain unclear. Here, we review some recent advances in our understanding of ROS signalling in guard cells, with an emphasis on the main players known to interact with abscisic acid signalling.

Background Emergency scientific research (ESR) is characterized by multidisciplinary integration, multidemand matching, and multiscenario application, which impose greater applicability requirements and tolerance for costs than conventional scientific research does. Analyzing the implementation law of ESR may serve as a reference to strengthen deployment and optimize the layout strategy of ESR. This study systematically compares the differences between the solicitation and approval of ESR projects by analyzing the projects deployed by the Chinese government during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods On the basis of 1,654 ESR project records collected from provincial-level governments across China (333 solicitations and 1,321 approvals), we apply descriptive statistical methods and structural metrics via social network analysis to construct “subject–research direction” 2-mode networks and association networks. The characteristics and rules of the ESR layout are systematically traced and classified from the perspectives of quantitative distribution, regional distribution, and resource distribution. Results The key directions of ESR for public health emergencies can be divided into three categories: urgent directions required in the initial stage of public health emergencies; sustained directions for multiphase response in different emergency stages; and expandable directions that have been proven effective in practice and can improve long-term governance. The clear divergence between the solicitation and approval phases illustrates the system’s dynamic adaptation to emerging needs and innovation uncertainties. This study also shows that ESR deployment is influenced by existing scientific research capabilities and regional advantages while requiring multipath exploration and resource synergy to achieve the optimal configuration. Conclusions The effective deployment of ESR demands cross-regional coordination, real-time matching of needs and resources, and institutional feedback loops to ensure that research outputs are timely and actionable. By synthesizing layout rules in terms of quantity, regional coordination, and resource integration, this study contributes theoretical foundations and practical strategies for improving ESR system design in future public health emergencies.

Height measurement of meter wave radar is a difficult and important problem. This paper studies the height measurement of meter wave polarimetric (MWP)-MIMO array radar under complex terrain. The traditional electrically short dipole has low radiation efficiency, and the collocated dipole vector antenna has strong mutual coupling. This paper proposes to use electrically long dipoles and separated vector antennae to solve the problems of low radiation efficiency and strong mutual coupling. In addition, different from the traditional flat terrain, the research of this paper is based on the conditions of complex undulating terrain. First, the height measurement signal model of the MWP-MIMO radar with separated electrically long dipole under the complex terrain is derived. Then, a preprocessing method of block orthogonal matching pursuit is proposed to obtain the coarse estimation of the target’s elevation. Then, under the guidance of the coarse estimation, the generalized MUSIC algorithm is used to obtain the high-precision elevation estimation of the target, and then the height measurement of the target is obtained according to the geometric relationship. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is proved by computer simulations.

Background Premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) is prevailing. We aimed to investigate the evaluation value of atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) for the occurrence and severity of coronary artery lesion in PCAD patients. Methods PCAD (PACD group)/non-PCAD (control group) patients were enrolled. The coronary artery lesion degree was evaluated using Gensini score (GS). PCAD patients were allocated into the low/medium/high GS groups, with general clinical baseline data analyzed. Plasma hs-CRP/AIP levels were compared in PCAD patients with different disease degree. Correlations between plasma hs-CRP/AIP with Gensini score, independent risk factors affecting the occurrence of PCAD, and the predictive value of hs-CRP/AIP/their combination for the occurrence and degree of PCAD were evaluated by Spearman correlation analysis/Logistic multivariate regression/receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The differences in the area under the curve (AUC) were compared using MedCalc-Comparison of ROC curves. Results Plasma hs-CRP/AIP levels in the PCAD group were increased. Plasma hs-CRP/AIP levels varied significantly among PCAD patients with different disease degree. Plasma hs-CRP/AIP levels were markedly positively correlated with the Gensini score. Smoking history/homocysteine/fasting blood-glucose/hs-CRP/AIP were all independent risk factors affecting PCAD occurrence. The AUC of hs-CRP and AIP combination predicting the occurrence of PCAD was 0.950 (90.80% sensitivity/93.33% specificity). hs-CRP/AIP combination assisted in predicting the disease degree in PCAD patients. Conclusions AIP and hs-CRP are independent risk factors for the occurrence of PCAD, and their combination has high predictive value for PCAD occurrence and disease degree, which are both positively correlated with coronary artery lesion degree.

Background Based on the failure of surveillance for COVID-19, this research focuses on the surveillance information reporting for public health emergencies under the online direct reporting system, exploring how to improve the timeliness and accuracy of public health emergencies surveillance through the effective combination of technical advantages with management mechanism. Methods We construct an evolutionary game model of surveillance information reporting for public health emergencies based on the local government, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP) and medical institution, using numerical simulation to simulate the operating status of the game system and summarize the key factors to improve the effectiveness of public health emergencies surveillance. Results The results indicate that medical institution’s ability to surveillance information management, the capabilities of CDCP to risk assessment, the degree of cooperation between CDCP and medical institution, the degree of collaborative linkage between the local government and CDCP, and the coverage of surveillance information have the greatest impacts on the subjects’ strategies, which in turn affects whether abnormalities can be timely and accurately reported. The enthusiasm of medical institution and CDCP to participate in surveillance information reporting is positively related to their own capabilities, but improving one party’s capabilities will reduce the enthusiasm of the other party. Strengthening the cooperation between CDCP and medical institution helps them choose positive strategies, and the collaborative linkage between CDCP and the local government helps the system eventually reach stability with the strategy combination of (1, 1, 1). Expanding the coverage of surveillance information provides convenience for CDCP and the government, but also causes medical institution reduce the speed of converging on positive management. Conclusions The development of technological advantages requires a management system as a guarantee. First, improving the professional capabilities of medical institution and CDCP is a prerequisite for carrying out public health emergencies surveillance. Second, CDCP should pay attention to communicating with the local government and medical institution, achieving vertical information sharing among subjects. Furthermore, the local government should horizontally expand the information sources to ensure the information in the online direct reporting system is true and accurate. Trial registration Not applicable.

We have previously described new pathways of vitamin D3 activation by CYP11A1 to produce a variety of metabolites including 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3. These can be further hydroxylated by CYP27B1 to produce their C1α-hydroxyderivatives. CYP11A1 similarly initiates the metabolism of lumisterol (L3) through sequential hydroxylation of the side chain to produce 20(OH)L3, 22(OH)L3, 20,22(OH)2L3 and 24(OH)L3. CYP11A1 also acts on 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) producing 22(OH)7DHC, 20,22(OH)27DHC and 7-dehydropregnenolone (7DHP) which can be converted to the D3 and L3 configurations following exposure to UVB. These CYP11A1-derived compounds are produced in vivo and are biologically active displaying anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and pro-differentiation properties. Since the protective role of the classical form of vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) against UVB-induced damage is recognized, we recently tested whether novel CYP11A1-derived D3- and L3-hydroxyderivatives protect against UVB-induced damage in epidermal human keratinocytes and melanocytes. We found that along with 1,25(OH)2D3, CYP11A1-derived D3-hydroxyderivatives and L3 and its hydroxyderivatives exert photoprotective effects. These included induction of intracellular free radical scavenging and attenuation and repair of DNA damage. The protection of human keratinocytes against DNA damage included the activation of the NRF2-regulated antioxidant response, p53-phosphorylation and its translocation to the nucleus, and DNA repair induction. These data indicate that novel derivatives of vitamin D3 and lumisterol are promising photoprotective agents. However, detailed mechanisms of action, and the involvement of specific nuclear receptors, other vitamin D binding proteins or mitochondria, remain to be established.

With the increase in types of fire risk and the expansion of fire management coverage, it is urgent to involve multiple subjects in fire management. Cross-sectoral joint fire management is a new fire management mode based on collaboration between the fire management sector and the industry management sector in China. Additionally, fire information from multiple sources plays a significant role in the formation of the cross-sectoral joint fire management mode. To explore the operating characteristics and influencing factors of the cross-sectoral joint fire management mode, this paper constructed a cross-sectoral joint fire management game model by focusing on the interactions and game relationships between multiple organizations. Through numerical simulation analysis, the mechanisms by which the sharing level, coverage range, and disclosure degree of fire information influence the evolution of the game system are investigated. The results show that with the improvement in the sharing level, the coverage range, and the disclosure degree of fire information, although the evolutionary paths of the game system and game subjects’ strategies are different, the cross-sectoral joint fire management game system can form a stable strategy combination of (1,1,1). This indicates that the sharing level, coverage range, and disclosure degree of fire information play positive driving roles in the formation of the cross-sectoral joint fire management mode. Furthermore, it is found that the fire management sector has a greater influence on the cross-sectoral joint fire management mode. Finally, the implications of improving the effectiveness of cross-sectoral joint fire management are proposed: enhancing institutional support, promoting information sharing, and expanding channels for information disclosure.

Due to the discontinuity of ocean waves and mountains, there are often multipath propagation effects and obvious pulse characteristics in low-altitude detection. If the conventional direction of arrival (DOA) estimation method is directly used for direction finding, it will lead to a large error. In view of serious misalignment in the DOA estimation of multipath signals under the background of impulse noise, a DOA estimation method based on spatial difference and a modified projection subspace algorithm is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the covariance matrix of the received data vector is used for spatial difference to eliminate the multipath effects of low-altitude targets. Secondly, the modified projection matrix is constructed using the signal source estimated with the least squares criterion and then used for modifying the covariance matrix, thus eliminating the cross-covariance matrices that affect the estimation accuracy. Finally, the modified covariance matrix is used for the DOA estimation of targets. Simulations show that the proposed algorithm achieves a higher accuracy in the DOA estimation of low-altitude targets than conventional algorithms under two common impulse noise models, without requiring prior knowledge of impulse noise.

Many studies have shown that exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) promotes leaf abscission and senescence. However, owing to a lack of genetic evidence, ABA function in plant senescence has not been clearly defined. Here, two-leaf early-senescence mutants (eas) that were screened by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging and named eas1-1 and eas1-2 showed high photosynthetic capacity in the early stage of plant growth compared with the wild type. Gene mapping showed that eas1-1 and eas1-2 are two novel ABA2 allelic mutants. Under unstressed conditions, the eas1 mutations caused plant dwarf, early germination, larger stomatal apertures, and early leaf senescence compared with those of the wild type. Flow cytometry assays showed that the cell apoptosis rate in eas1 mutant leaves was higher than that of the wild type after day 30. A significant increase in the transcript levels of several senescence-associated genes, especially SAG12, was observed in eas1 mutant plants in the early stage of plant growth. More importantly, ABA-activated calcium channel activity in plasma membrane and induced the increase of cytoplasmic calcium concentration in guard cells are suppressed due to the mutation of EAS1. In contrast, the eas1 mutants lost chlorophyll and ion leakage significant faster than in the wild type under treatment with calcium channel blocker. Hence, our results indicate that endogenous ABA level is an important factor controlling the onset of leaf senescence through Ca(2+) signaling.