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Routine monitoring and wastewater-based bio-surveillance represents a strong supporting tool for following and understanding SARS-CoV-2 endemicity or epidemic dynamics in society. The main objective of the research was a two-year qualitative and quantitative monitoring program of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage in a model urban agglomeration (the capital city), including the development of an algorithm for action in this area and a joint evaluation of procedures with a water and sewage company (public administration sector). To resolve problems, we continuously investigated inflows and outflows of four wastewater treatment plants and raw sewage of the whole catchment (including healthcare units, airport and military areas) within the Warsaw capital city for SARS-CoV-2, during two waves of COVID-19 in 2023 and 2024. The screening was performed by RT-qPCR (N1, N2, E probes) and NGS metagenomics analysis. The average cumulative load of the virus in sewage for the whole tested period was 3.5 × 10 genomic copies per litre. The highest load was found for wastewater inflows and the lowest one was found for housing estates and wastewater outflows. Higher viral concentrations in the wastewater than expected in medical records suggested a higher number of undiagnosed COVID-19 infections within the community. The obtained genotypes segregated within 11 clades (21I to 24 F), making '23 and '24 waves distinguishable. We consider our results and methodological approaches hold significant potential for public health, with particular emphasis on the needs of the Directive (EU) 2024/3019 of the European Parliament and of the Council.

Diagnostics and assessment of the structural performance of collectors and tunnels require multi-criteria as well as comprehensive analyses for improving the safety based on acquired measurement data. This paper presents the basic goals for a structural health monitoring system designed based on distributed fiber optic sensors (DFOS). The issue of selecting appropriate sensors enabling correct strain transfer is discussed hereafter, indicating both limitations of layered cables and advantages of sensors with monolithic cross-section design in terms of reliable measurements. The sensor’s design determines the operation of the entire monitoring system and the usefulness of the acquired data for the engineering interpretation. The measurements and results obtained due to monolithic DFOS sensors are described hereafter on the example of real engineering structure—the Burakowski concrete collector in Warsaw during its strengthening with glass-fiber reinforced plastic (GRP) panels.