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This study presents a novel investigation into the performance of structural for reinforced self-compacting concrete (SCC) beams including waste glass powder (WGP) and nano-clay (NC) as sustainable partial replacements for cement. Unlike prior studies that focus on individual effects, this research evaluates the combined influence of NC plus WGP blends on full-scale beam behavior using advanced Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques. Ten SCC mixtures were designed across three series: NC-only, WGP-only, and hybrid NC–WGP mixes (constant 15% total binder replacement). Reinforced beams (100 × 150 × 1200 mm) were tested under four-point bending to assess flexural strength, stiffness, ductility, crack width, and strain behavior. The results showed that the 2.5% NC + 12.5% WGP mix achieved superior compressive strength (80.6 MPa) and flexural performance. DIC analysis confirmed enhanced crack control, curvature, and energy absorption in hybrid beams. In contrast, high NC content (10%) caused strength loss and embrittlement due to agglomeration. This study is the first to integrate NC and WGP in SCC beams and assess their synergistic effects using full-field DIC analysis, providing new insight into the design of high-performance, eco-efficient structural concrete.

Locating the sources of information spreading in networks including tracking down the origins of epidemics, rumors in social networks, and online computer viruses, has a wide range of applications. In many situations, identifying where an epidemic started, or which node in a network served as the source, is crucial. But it can be difficult to determine the root of an outbreak, especially when data are scarce and noisy. The goal is to find the source of the infection by analysing data provided by only a limited number of observers, such as nodes that can indicate when and where they are infected. Our goal is to investigate where the least number of observers should be placed, which is similar to how to figure out the minimal doubly resolving sets in the network. In this paper, we calculate the double metric dimension of chordal ring networks CRn1,3,5 by describing their minimal doubly resolving sets.

Introduction Refractory hypothyroidism, despite weight-based thyroxine dosing, is a common endocrinology consultation in outpatients. Chronic Helicobacter (H.) pylori infection has been reported to be responsible for the poor absorption of thyroxine from the small gut leading to suboptimal response with contradictory evidence. This study was carried out to determine the association of chronic Helicobacter pylori infection with refractory hypothyroidism in outpatients presenting to a tertiary care hospital. Methods One hundred thirty patients with the diagnosis of hypothyroidism, visiting Jinnah Allama Iqbal Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology (JAIDE) Jinnah Hospital Lahore, Pakistan, from January 2020 to February 2021, were included in the study after informed consent following the non-probability consecutive sampling technique. All of these patients were 15-70 years of age, non-pregnant, and receiving thyroxine treatment for at least six weeks. Patients with a history of gastric surgery, malabsorption syndrome, or poor compliance were excluded from the study. Patients' age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were recorded in a structured proforma. Patients were categorized into two groups, i.e. controls (biochemically euthyroid on thyroxine treatment with TSH < 4.5mU/L) and cases (refractory hypothyroidism despite 1.6 mcg/kg thyroxine treatment with TSH > 4.5 mU/L). The presence of chronic H. pylori infection was checked with serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) testing by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) from the hospital laboratory and data analysis was done by SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results One hundred thirty patients were included in this study, with an age range from 15 to 70 years. Of these, 65/130 (50%) were euthyroid on treatment and 65/130 (50%) had treatment-refractory hypothyroidism. The mean age of patients in our study was 45.81 ± 11 years, with 118 (90.8%) female patients. The prevalence of positive H. pylori IgG antibody was 47/130 (36.2%) overall, with 23 patients (35.4%) in the control (euthyroid) group and 24 patients (36.9%) in the cases (refractory hypothyroidism) group. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant with an odds ratio of 1.069 (CI 0.523 - 2.187) and a p-value of 0.855. Moreover, age, gender, and BMI had no effect on chronic H. pylori association with refractory hypothyroidism. Conclusion This study does not suggest any significant association between chronic H. pylori infection and treatment-refractory hypothyroidism. Other factors like poor compliance, drug-drug interactions, and malabsorption disorders should be preferably sought in case of refractory hypothyroidism.

IntroductionRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder with variable disease course including periods of flares and remissions. High disease activity in terms of disease activity score-28 (DAS-28) results in significant morbidity. Hypothyroidism is found to be associated with higher DAS-28 scores in RA. This study is planned to determine overt and subclinical hypothyroidism and its correlation with the DAS-28 score in patients with RA.MethodologyThis study was conducted from June 2021 to March 2022 at the department of rheumatology and immunology at Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. Inclusion criteria were any male and female patients aged between 18 and 70 years. The blood samples of diagnosed patients with RA were sent for thyroid function tests (thyroxine [FT4], thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and the patients were categorized as overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and non-hypothyroid. The collected data were analyzed on Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY).ResultsThe mean age of patients was 38.18 ± 9.78 years. The mean duration of symptoms was 14.65 ± 1.04 months. There were 182 (91%) females and 18 (9%) males. The mean number of swollen joints was 2.26 ± 2.8, and the mean number of tender joints was 4.16 ± 5.11. Sixty patients (30%) had high disease activity, i.e., DAS-28 score > 5.1. Fifty-seven patients (28.5%) with RA had subclinical hypothyroidism, and 19 patients (9.5%) had overt hypothyroidism. Pain visual analog scale (VAS) and DAS-28 were significantly higher in hypothyroid patients.ConclusionIt was concluded that patients of RA with concomitant hypothyroidism had increased disease activity with increased tender joints. Thyroid function tests should be included in the clinical evaluation of RA patients. The evaluation of thyroid functional status must be done during screening in RA patients. This will detect thyroid disorders earlier, with early treatment initiation and possibly a better prognosis.

This research evaluates the equilibrium isotherm models for the adsorption of Methylene Blue (MB) from wastewater by using sawdust red wood and beech wood. The sawdust acts as the low-cost adsorbent by using agriculture by product in order to treat the wastewaters. The objectives for this study are two folds. Firstly, to choose the significant factors (parameters) for the adsorption process. The factors applied in this study are mass of the adsorbent, concentration of the MB solution, pH of the MB solution and contact time between adsorbent and adsorbate. Secondly to determine the best isotherm model on the adsorption process of MB by sawdust. The isotherm models used in this research are Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Temkin. Results show that concentration of MB solution is the one and only significant factor for the adsorption process to occur using red wood. Mass of adsorbate, concentration of MB solution and pH of MB solution are the significant factors for the adsorption process to occur using beech wood. The result for the second objective shows that Freundlich is the best model that describe the adsorption process of beech wood as for MB by red wood, Temkin is the best model.

Fishery is an entity engage with fish catch on the sea ground by fisherman. The fish catch in Peninsular Malaysia has declined by more than 90% since 1960s. Thus, it is important to know the maximum sustainable yield in order to overcome the decreasing number of fish and estimate the number of fishes that can be caught from the sea without endangering the fish population. The main purpose of this study is to calculate the maximum sustainable yield of fish catch in Terengganu by applying Bayesian surplus method. The results show that the amount of maximum sustainable yield is 100100 tons with 205700 fishing trips per year. Based on the value of maximum sustainable yield and optimum number of fishing trip, the current fish stocks have been overfished from year 2000 to 2008 since the fish catch and fishing effort for the year exceeded the optimum value. As a result, the numbers of fish catch for the year 2009 to 2016 was lower even though the fisherman put higher fishing effort.

Fire represents one of the most severe environmental conditions experienced by the reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The aim of this study is to examine the behaviour of post-heated RC columns. There were two different geometries of RC columns were cast, i.e.: square and circular. Eight RC columns were heated at 600°C for two hours and tested under axial compression load. The main variables investigated were column's geometry and heating temperature. The test results showed that the mechanical properties i.e.: load carrying capacity, elastic stiffness and ductility of RC columns significantly affected by heating temperature. Column's geometry highly influenced the loss of water of post heated RC columns, however, less significant on the mechanical properties of post heated columns.

This research investigates the impact of using washed waste fines (WWF), a by-product from ready mixed concrete (RMC) plants, as a partial replacement for natural sand in concrete. Cylindrical (100 x 200 mm) and cubic (50 x 50 x 50 mm) mortar specimens were created with 20% WWF substitution. Hardened properties, such as compressive strength, tensile strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and durability parameters, such as chloride migration coefficient and carbonation coefficient, were evaluated. The study also examined the microstructure of concrete using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results showed that incorporating WWF enhanced both the hardened and durability properties of concrete, increasing compressive strength by 25% compared to the control case. Additionally, WWF decreased the non-steadystate chloride migration and carbonation coefficients, indicating improved durability. SEM analysis revealed a denser microstructure, and WWF incorporation reduced the permeable porosity and absorption capacity of concrete.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the improvement of mathematical reasoning abilities comprehensively. This research is a quantitative study. The respondents of this research were students who take the Integral Calculus course at a university in Semarang. This study used a random class method to determine two classes of study samples. One class treated by Web Assisted Brain-Based Learning (BBLW) and another class treated by conventional learning. The results of the study showed that the mathematical reasoning ability of students who get Brain-Based Learning assisted by the web is better than that of students who get conventional learning based on their initial mathematical abilities.

A 150 MHz very high frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (150 MHz VHF-PECVD) system was utilized to fabricate two-dimensional carbon nanostructure from the mixture of methane and hydrogen. Morphology and structural properties of the grown nanostructure were investigated by FESEM imaging and Raman spectroscopy. Carbon nanowalls (CNW) with dense and wavy-like structure were successfully synthesized. The wavy-like morphology of CNW was found to be more distinct during growth at small electrode spacing and denser with increasing deposition time due to better flux of hydrocarbon radicals to the substrate and higher rate of reaction, respectively. Typical characteristics of CNW were observed from strong D band, narrow bandwidth of G band and single broad peak of 2D band of Raman spectra indicating the presence of disordered nanocrystalline graphite structure with high degree of graphitization.