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This study investigated the impact of harvest season and extraction method on the yield, composition, and bioactivity of essential oils (EOs) from wild Rosmarinus officinalis L. plants collected in Algeria. Oils were obtained by hydro distillation (HD), steam distillation (SD), and microwave-assisted distillation (MD) across four seasons and characterized by GC–MS. Camphor, α-pinene, camphene, and 1,8-cineole were consistently dominant, with spring oils, particularly those extracted by microwave-assisted distillation, showing the highest enrichment in oxygenated monoterpenes (up to 59.6%). Functional assays revealed clear seasonal variation, whereas spring oils exhibited the strongest antioxidant capacity, with a FRAP value of 4.63 µg/mL, approaching that of the synthetic standard BHA (6.89 µg/mL), alongside notable anti-inflammatory effects. Antimicrobial screening indicated selective inhibition of Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis remained resistant. Acute toxicity evaluation confirmed safety at 2000 mg/kg. These findings demonstrate that ecological timing and extraction strategy critically determine rosemary EO properties and establish quantitative benchmarks for their pharmaceutical and industrial valorization.

Pistacia Atlantica in folk medicine is used by Algerian traditional healers for treating a wide variety of diseases and conditions including dyspepsia, digestive problems, peptic ulcers, and, in particular, inflammatory diseases. The present study aimed to assess the phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant activity (using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ABTS+, and reducing power methods), enzyme inhibitory activity (towards α-amylase and urease), antibacterial activity, and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the unripe fruit extracts of Pistacia atlantica collected from different parts of the Djelfa region of Algeria. According to the findings, various aqueous extracts exhibited significant antioxidant and enzymatic activities in all tests, but showed that they have a weak inhibitory effect against all tested bacterial strains. Twenty-one minerals comprising both macro- and microelements (Ba, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sr, Th, U, and Zn) were determined using the technique of neutron activation analysis (INAA). The result indicates that the concentration of the mineral element is close to the minimal FAO recommendation. In addition, the result revealed significant anti-inflammatory activities. The data generated can be a valuable source of information for the pharmaceutical industry and medical research. These results suggest that the unripe fruit extracts of Pistacia atlantica have an appropriate potential to be utilized across a wide range of contexts as an agent with multifunctional uses, as well as a natural remedy for other physiological diseases.

This investigation explored how seasonal variation affects the phytochemical composition and biological potential of Rosmarinus officinalis L., a widely used aromatic and medicinal plant. Aerial parts collected during spring, summer, autumn, and winter were extracted with ethanol and analyzed using LC-ESI-MS/MS, while total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents were determined spectrophotometrically. The extracts were evaluated for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, enzyme inhibitory, analgesic, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and photoprotective properties. Major constituents identified in all seasons included luteolin, kaempferol, rutin, and biochanin A. The autumn extract contained the highest phenolic (353.21 ± 4.05 µg GAE/mg) and flavonoid (190.11 ± 5.65 µg QE/mg) levels. Antioxidant assays revealed that the autumn extract had the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 24.72 ± 0.16 µg/mL), while the spring extract exhibited the greatest reducing power (A0.5 = 7.62 ± 0.30 µg/mL). The winter extract demonstrated superior anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 = 28.60 ± 2.84 µg/mL), exceeding the reference drug diclofenac. Only the spring extract inhibited urease (IC50 = 62.26 ± 0.58 µg/mL) and moderately inhibited α-amylase. All seasonal extracts showed notable photoprotective potential, with SPF values between 25.18 and 32.46, well above the recommended minimum. The spring extract also presented strong analgesic activity and no acute toxicity up to 2000 mg/kg. Antimicrobial effects were weak, limited to slight inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, while moderate cytotoxicity was observed against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Overall, seasonal variation significantly influenced the chemical profile and bioactivities of R. officinalis, with autumn and spring identified as the most suitable harvesting periods for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.

The main goal of this study was to assess the bioactive and polysaccharide compositions, along with the antioxidant and antibacterial potentials, of five seaweeds collected from the northeastern coast of Algeria. Through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, the study investigated the elemental composition of these seaweeds and their chemical structure. In addition, this study compared and identified the biochemical makeup of the collected seaweed by using cutting-edge methods like tandem mass spectrometry and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, and it searched for new sources of nutritionally valuable compounds. According to the study’s findings, Sargassum muticum contains the highest levels of extractable bioactive compounds, showing a phenolic compound content of 235.67 ± 1.13 µg GAE·mg−1 and a total sugar content of 46.43 ± 0.12% DW. Both S. muticum and Dictyota dichotoma have high concentrations of good polyphenols, such as vanillin and chrysin. Another characteristic that sets brown algae apart is their composition. It showed that Cladophora laetevirens has an extracted bioactive compound content of 12.07% and a high capacity to scavenge ABTS+ radicals with a value of 78.65 ± 0.96 µg·mL−1, indicating high antioxidant activity. In terms of antibacterial activity, S. muticum seaweed showed excellent growth inhibition. In conclusion, all five species of seaweed under investigation exhibited unique strengths, highlighting the variety of advantageous characteristics of these seaweeds, especially S. muticum.

Artemisia campestris L. is commonly used in folk medicine due to its antioxidant, antidiabetic, nutritional, and culinary properties. Our study assessed the total phenolics contents, antioxidant, and pharmacological activities of various organic extracts prepared from the aerial parts of Artemisia campestris, and its mineral elements and chemical profile were analyzed. ICP-OES was used to analyze the mineral profile and the LC-MS/MS analysis was used to characterize the phytochemical profiling. A series of antioxidant tests were carried out using DPPH, ABTS, beta-carotene, GOR, RP, CUPRAC, and O-Phenanthroline assays. In vitro potent inhibitory actions of A. campestris extracts were investigated to evaluate their anti-cholinesterase, anti-lipase and anti-diabetic activities. The photoprotective effect of the plant was measured by the sun protection factor. The most powerful inhibitor of α-amylase was AcPEE (IC50 = 11.79 ± 0.14 μg/mL), which also showed a significant butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory effect (IC50 = 93.50 ± 1.60 μg/mL). At IC50 = 23.16 ± 0.19 μg/mL, AcEAE showed the most powerful inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase. A. campestris was found to have a strong photoprotective ability, absorbing UV radiations with SPF values ranging from 26.07 ± 0.22 to 40.76 ± 0.11. The results showed that A. campestris extract has strong antioxidant activity in all the test samples except for the carotene bleaching assay. The LC/MS-MS results showed that AcDE, AcEAE, and AcBE identified 11 compounds belonging to Polyphenols Compounds. Our result also showed that A. campestris contains a high concentration of essential minerals, including macro-and micro-elements with their values close to the FAO’s recommended concentration. A. campestris has the capacity to improve pharmaceutical formulations, health, and medical research, due to its compositions and potent biological properties.

This study represents the first investigation into the ultrasonic and microwave extraction of bioactive metabolites from Jania rubens (J. rubens) (red seaweed) and Sargassum. muticum (S. muticum) (brown seaweed), with a focus on their biological activities. The research compares ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) utilizing a hydromethanolic solvent to evaluate their effects on these seaweeds’ bioactive compounds and biological activities. The assessment included a series of antioxidant essays: DPPH, ABTS, phenanthroline, and total antioxidant capacity, followed by enzyme inhibition activities: alpha-amylase and urease. Results revealed significant proportions of phenolic compounds, ranging from 48.31 ± 0.32 to 74.42 ± 0.80 μg GAE/mg, depending on the extraction method. The extracts demonstrated a high antioxidant activity, with IC50 values ranging from 26.58 ± 0.39 to 87.55 ± 0.69 μg/mL. Notably, the MAE extract of S. muticum showed a value of 48.11 ± 2.75 μg/mL for alpha-amylase inhibition, which is strictly superior to the reference acarbose with an IC50 equal to 3431.01 μg/mL. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis identified 14 bioactive compounds. The proportion of riboflavin with MAE was 70.58% and 59.11% for J. rubens and S. muticum fractions, respectively. These findings underscore the critical influence of extraction technique selection on bioactive compounds’ yield and efficiency, highlighting the potential of algal biomass as a sustainable alternative in various applications.

The Atlas Pistachio ( Desf.) possesses numerous applications for therapeutic purposes. We set out to test various extracts from Desf. fruits and leaves for their anticancer and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effects. In addition to discovering the phytochemical profile of extracts responsible for the pharmacological effects that were researched. The anti-acetylcholinesterase activity was performed against the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. Anticancer assays were investigated by evaluating the antiproliferative and cytotoxicity potentials against five cancerous cell lines using the [3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] (MMT:Medical training therapy) assay. The phenolic profile was established against phenolic standards using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). In anticholinesterase activity, the extracts of inhibited AChE activity in a dose-dependent manner. The stronger AChE inhibition activity was obtained for the n-BuOH extract of the fruits (IC 47.80 ± 1.03 µg/mL) and compared to the leaf extracts. The results, compared with galantamine, showed a close inhibition activity. extracts also showed the most optimal antiproliferative and cytotoxic effect against cancer cell lines compared to positive control 5FU (Fluorouracil); the best antiproliferative activity was obtained for the fruit extracts compared to the leaf extracts. The spotted biological activities can be attributed to flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the extracts. The HPLC-DAD analysis identified the presence of 18 phytochemicals. The main compounds detected were luteolin, gallic acid, epicatechin, and protocatechuic acid. This study demonstrated moderate anticholinesterase and suitable antiproliferative activities of Desf. extracts, which opens up new possibilities for the pharmaceutical and food industries.This study suggests that the concentrations of phenolic compounds, along with the results of anticholinesterase and antiproliferative activities found in the fruit and leaf extracts of Desf, indicate this plant holds promise for pharmaceutical and food application industries.

Prickly pear seed is a source of the most expensive oil in the world, which is rich in vitamins and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Its extraction generates a large quantity of press cake. These two by-products need to be valued. The current study aimed to assess the fatty acid composition of oil and the phytochemical composition of press cake. In addition, the antioxidant and the inhibition of thermal protein denaturation effects of both Algerian seed by-products were evaluated with their inhibitory action against the activities of urease, tyrosinase, α-amylase, and cholinesterase enzymes. The GC MS analysis result revealed the richness of our oil in linoleic (74%) and palmitic (13%) acids methyl esters, respectively. The chemical composition of press cake was characterized by a high value of dry matter (94.94 ± 0.05%), especially the carbohydrates (85.13 ± 0.94%). The results of antioxidant activity presented by IC50 and A0.5 ranged from 7.51 ± 0.03 to 88.10 ± 0.92 µg/mL. Furthermore, the IC50 values were 40.19 ± 1.21 and 61.18 ± 0.03 µg/mL in thermal protein denaturation assay, and ranging from 22.97 ± 0.72 to 385.99 ± 0.27 µg/mL for the inhibition of enzymatic activities. These results indicate that the studied oil can be one of the strongest oils for its impressive effects and also encourage us to reuse its press cake in feed livestock.

This study investigates the influence of seasonal variation onthe phytochemicalcomposition and biological activities of Cistus creticus leaf extracts collected during spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Extracts are analyzed for phenolic and flavonoid contents and evaluated for antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, anti‐inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, and photoprotective properties. Pronounced seasonal differences are observed. Spring and summer extracts, enriched in bioactive compounds, exhibit the strongest pharmacological potential, including notable antioxidant effects, potent enzyme inhibition, and high photoprotective capacity. The spring extract further demonstrates significant in vivo anti‐inflammatory and analgesic effects, while the winter extract displays superior in vitro anti‐inflammatory activity. These findings highlight the critical role of harvest season in modulating both phytochemical composition and bioefficacy. The superior performance of spring and summer extracts underscores the potential of C. creticus as a valuable natural source of antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, and photoprotective agents. Overall, this work supports the strategic use of seasonal optimization to enhance the therapeutic and cosmeceutical applications of C. creticus. The phytochemical profile and biological activities of Cistus creticus leaf ethanolic extracts show strong seasonal variation. Spring extracts contain the highest phenolic levels with potent antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects, while summer extracts are richest in flavonoids and exhibit the greatest sun protection factor value and enzyme inhibitory activities. Winter extracts demonstrate superior anti‐inflammatory efficacy in vitro through bovine serum albumin denaturation testing. Overall, spring and summer are optimal harvest seasons for obtaining bioactive‐rich extracts with promising dermocosmetic andphytopharmaceutical potential.