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The construction demand for irregular structures is increasing due to the population growth of cities, limited construction areas, and the aesthetics of structures. Lack of proper understanding on the dynamic behavior of these structures during seismic events can lead to local and global failures on them. In order to investigate this issue, we used a regular 10-story structure with three different stiffness irregularity cases along the elevation. Irregularities are considered in three positions: the lower half of the structure height, the lowest story, and the middle story. In this study, to reduce the damage and mitigate the seismic response of the structure, three control systems are proposed including a magnetorheological (MR) damper with semiactive fuzzy controller as the semiactive control system, a Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) as the passive control system, and the simultaneous use of them. Based on the numerical analyses under near- and far-field ground motions, the residual plastic deformations are significantly reduced by the simultaneous use of MR damper and TMD, while each of these dampers alone performs poorly in some cases. The results show that if these two dampers are used together, a more promising control system with robust performance against changes in system parameters can be achieved.

The 24th and 19th International Congresses on Reproduction and Stem Cell Biology in the Islamic Republic of Iran brought together experts and researchers worldwide to explore the latest advancements in these fields. Different topics were discussed, including such as reproductive health, infertility treatments, stem cell research, and regenerative medicine. This report provides a summary of the congress’s key findings by emphasizing pioneer research and technologies that can influence the future of reproduction and stem cell biology programs. The presence of keynote speakers such as Professor Nicolas Rivron, Mohammad Ebrahim Parsanezhad, Ashraf Moini, Abbas Aflatoonian, Hadi Shafiee, Anna Brini, Omid Camron Farokhzad, and Jeffrey Schweitzer added value to the event, which had over 1100 participants from around the world. While foreign speakers were from various countries Iranian speakers mainly came from Tabriz, Isfahan, Shiraz, Babol, and Tehran that all discussed cutting-edge science and successful disease treatments. To ensure a more comprehensive representation, it is suggested that a wider geographic distribution of national and foreign speakers should be considered in future plan.

Recurrent hydatidiform mole is defined as episodes of two molar pregnancies in a female. Often, complete moles only derive androgenic nuclear genome. We described two cases with repeated molar pregnancies attempted to prevent future episodes by performing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to assess genetic disorders. The first patient had previously six complete molar pregnancies and advised to carry out ICSI with ovum donation to achieve a normal pregnancy. The second case had previously five molar pregnancies and no XY embryos from the ICSI/PGD process. We had to (at the insistence of the patient) transfer XX embryos in this patient which resulted in a complete hydatidiform mole (CHM). Hence, available data based on our patients and previous studies demonstrated that oocyte might play a critical role in the pathophysiology of recurrent hydatidiform mole, while it has not been often considered.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy related disorder with prevalence of 6-7%. Insufficient trophoblastic invasion leads to incomplete remodeling of spiral arteries and consequent decrease in feto-placental perfusion. Altered placental expression of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMPs) is considered to be involved in this process while the balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and TIMPs contributes to remodeling of the placenta and uterine arteries by degradation and refurbishing of extracellular matrix (ECM). Therefore, TIMPs, fetal expression pattern was evaluated with the aim of its potential to be used as a determinant for the (early) detection of PE. In this case-control study, cell free fetal RNA (cffRNA) released by placenta into the maternal blood was used to determine expression patterns of 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the severe preeclamptic women in comparison with the normal pregnant women. Whole blood from 20 preeclamptic and 20 normal pregnant women in their 28-32 weeks of gestational age was collected. The second control group consisted of 20 normal pregnant women in either 14 or 28 weeks of gestation (each 10). cffRNA was extracted from plasma and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done to determine the expression levels of 1, 2, 3 and 4 genes. Statistical analysis of the results showed significant higher expression of 1-4 in the preeclamptic women in comparison with the control group (P=0.029, 0.037, 0.037 and 0.049, respectively). Also, an increased level of expression was observed by comparing 14 to 28 weeks of gestational age in the normal pregnant women in the second control group. An increased cffRNA expression level of may be correlated with the intensity of placental vascular defect and may be used as a determinant of complicated pregnancies with severe preeclampsia.

Microdeletions of the Y chromosome long arm are the most common molecular genetic causes of severe infertility in men. They affect three regions including azoospermia factors (AZFa, AZFb and AZFc), which contain various genes involved in spermatogenesis. The aim of the present study was to reveal the patterns of Y chromosome microdeletions in Iranian infertile men referred to Royan Institute with azoospermia/ severe oligospermia. Through a cross-sectional study, 1885 infertile men referred to Royan Institute with azoospermia/severe oligospermia were examined for Y chromosome microdeletions from March 2012 to March 2014. We determined microdeletions of the Y chromosome in the AZFa, AZFb and AZFc regions using multiplex Polymerase chain reaction and six different Sequence-Tagged Site (STS) markers. Among the 1885 infertile men, we determined 99 cases of Y chromosome microdeletions (5.2%). Among 99 cases, AZFc microdeletions were found in 70 cases (70.7%); AZFb microdeletions in 5 cases (5%); and AZFa microdeletions in only 3 cases (3%). AZFbc microdeletions were detected in 18 cases (18.1%) and AZFabc microdeletions in 3 cases (3%). Based on these data, our results are in agreement with similar studies from other regions of the world as well as two other recent studies from Iran which have mostly reported a frequency of less than 10% for Y chromosome microdeletions.

Microdeletions of the Yq chromosome are among the most frequent genetic etiological factor of male infertility which spans the azoospermia factor regions (AZFa, AZFb and AZFc). Microdeletions are mostly seen in the AZFc region and usually cover genes actively involved in spermatogenesis. Partial AZFc microdeletions may also occur with various spans, namely gr/gr, b2/b3 and b1/b3. It is known that the outcome of microtesticular sperm extraction (TESE), the surgical process for sperm retrieval from the testis in infertile azoospermic men, may be predicted based on the type of AZF microdeletion. We therefore aimed to evaluate the correlation between partial AZFc microdeletions and microTESE results. In this cross-sectional study, 200 infertile azoospermic men referred to the Royan Institute were examined for the presence of partial AZFc microdeletions before undergoing microTESE. Partial AZFc microdeletions were detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of seven different sequence-tagged site (STS) markers. The data were analyzed with the Chi-square test. Among the 90 patients (45%) with a positive microTESE outcome, 9 (10%) showed a partial microdeletion in AZFc region. Of the 110 (55%) patients with a negative microTESE outcome, 7 (6.3%) had an AZFc partial microdeletion. With respect to the span of the microdeletions, among the 200 patients, 11 (5.5%) were gr/gr and 5 (2.5%) were b2/b3. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the patients with and without partial AZFc microdeletions with respect to microTESE outcome. Partial AZFc microdeletions is not a predictor of microTESE outcome in azoospermic men.

The study aimed to investigate prevalent chromosomal breakpoints identified in balanced structural chromosomal anomalies and to pinpoint potential candidate genes linked with male infertility. This was acchieved through a comprehensive approach combining RNA-seq and microarray data analysis, enabling precise identification of candidate genes. The Cytogenetics data from 2,500 infertile males referred to Royan Research Institute between 2009 and 2022 were analyzed, with 391 cases meeting the inclusion criteria of balanced chromosomal rearrangement. Of these, 193 cases exhibited normal variations and were excluded from the analysis. By examining the breakpoints, potential candidate genes were suggested. Among the remaining 198 cases, reciprocal translocations were the most frequent anomaly (129 cases), followed by Robertsonian translocations (43 cases), inversions (34 cases), and insertions (3 cases).Some patients had more than one chromosomal abnormality. Chromosomal anomalies were most frequently observed in chromosomes 13 (21.1%), 14 (20.1%), and 1 (16.3%) with 13q12, 14q12, and 1p36.3 being the most prevalent breakpoints, respectively. Chromosome 1 contributed the most to reciprocal translocations (20.2%) and inversions (17.6%), while chromosome 14 was the most involved in the Robertsonian translocations (82.2%). The findings suggested that breakpoints at 1p36.3 and 14q12 might be associated with pregestational infertility, whereas breakpoints at 13q12 could be linked to both gestational and pregestational infertility. Several candidate genes located on common breakpoints were proposed as potentially involved in male infertility. Bioinformatics analyses utilizing three databases were conducted to examine the expression patterns of 78 candidate genes implicated in various causes of infertility.‏ In azoospermic individuals, significant differential expression was observed in 19 genes: 15 were downregulated (TSSK2, SPINK2, TSSK4, CDY1, CFAP70, BPY2, BTG4, FKBP6, PPP2R1B, SPECC1L, CENPJ, ‏SKA3, FGF9, NODAL, CLOCK), while four genes were upregulated ‏(‏HSPB1, MIF, PRF1, ENTPD6). In the case of Asthenozoospermia, seven genes showed significant upregulation (PRF1, DDX21, KIT, SRD5A3, MTCH1, DDX50, NODAL). Though RNA-seq data for Teratozoospermia were unavailable, microarray data revealed differential expression insix genes: three downregulated (BUB1, KLK4, PIWIL2) and three upregulated (AURKC, NPM2, RANBP2). These findings enhance our understanding of the molecular basis of male infertility and could provide valuable insights for future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of cell-free DNA (CF-DNA) in the spent cleavage and blastocyst medium versus blastomere biopsy for sex identification using short tandem repeat (STR) markers for the first time. In total, 39 samples of spent culture medium (SCM) from six couples were collected of which 28 samples were CF-DNA from blastocoel fluid + SCM (day 5) and 11 samples from SCM alone (day 3). The frequencies of allele dropout (ADO), fail rate and informativity markers were considered. The relationship between the morphology of embryos and ADO and the fail number of all markers was investigated. Sex identification rate between CF-DNA isolated from culture medium and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was then compared with measurement of Agreement Kappa (AK). The highest frequency of informative markers belonged to DXS6801 and HPRT. There was no relationship between the ADO number of all markers and embryo morphology. A significant difference was seen between embryo morphology and fail numbers. AK value between CF-DNA isolated from culture medium and FISH was 0.516, which is moderate. The ability of CF-DNA to detect the correct diagnosis of males and females showed that all values of specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 100%. The presence of embryonic CF-DNA in the SCM on day 3 as well as blastocyst medium on day 5 using STR-based multiplex PCR is approximately consistent with FISH for sex identification. Advances in DNA extraction, amplification technique, and testing may allow for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) and monogenic/single-gene disorders (PGT-M) as a non-invasive approach without biopsy in the future either in sex determination or chromosomal abnormality.

Calreticulin (CRT) as a multi-functional endoplasmic reticulum protein is involved in a spectrum of cellular processes which ranges from calcium homeostasis and chaperoning to cell adhesion and finally malignant formation and progression. Previous studies have shown a contributing role for CRT in a range of different cancers. This present review will focus on the possible roles of CRT in the progression of malignant proliferation and the mechanisms involved in its contribution to cancer invasion.

The 24 and 19 International Congresses on Reproduction and Stem Cell Biology in the Islamic Republic of Iran brought together experts and researchers worldwide to explore the latest advancements in these fields. Different topics were discussed, including such as reproductive health, infertility treatments, stem cell research, and regenerative medicine. This report provides a summary of the congress's key findings by emphasizing pioneer research and technologies that can influence the future of reproduction and stem cell biology programs. The presence of keynote speakers such as Professor Nicolas Rivron, Mohammad Ebrahim Parsanezhad, Ashraf Moini, Abbas Aflatoonian, Hadi Shafiee, Anna Brini, Omid Camron Farokhzad, and Jeffrey Schweitzer added value to the event, which had over 1100 participants from around the world. While foreign speakers were from various countries Iranian speakers mainly came from Tabriz, Isfahan, Shiraz, Babol, and Tehran that all discussed cutting-edge science and successful disease treatments. To ensure a more comprehensive representation, it is suggested that a wider geographic distribution of national and foreign speakers should be considered in future plan.