Explore the vast range of titles available.

The various luminescent properties of carbon nanodots (CDs) reveal fascinating applications in several areas. Here, bright and multicolor chemiluminescence (CL) is realized from CDs, whose CL quantum yield can be optimized by adjusting the energy level alignment between the CDs and 1,2‐dioxetanedione intermediate generated from the reaction of peroxalate and hydrogen peroxide. A CL quantum yield of 9.32 × 10−3 Einsteins mol−1, maximal luminance of 3.28 cd m−2, and lifetime of 186.4 s are achieved in red CDs, all of which are the best values ever reported for CDs. As a proof‐of‐concept prototype, a high‐quality information encryption strategy is established via CD based CL imaging techniques by virtue of the high brightness and multicolor CL. Bright and Multicolour Chemiluminescence (CL) based on carbon nanodots (CDs) are developed by chemically initiated electron exchange luminescence. The CD based CL systems exhibit quantum yields up to 9.32 × 10‐3 Einsteins mol‐1, luminance up to 3.28 cd m‐2 and lifetimes up to 186.4 s. Information encryption and multicolour anti‐counterfeiting with active luminescence are demonstrated by the CL system.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in the body and related to many pathophysiological processes. Hence, detection of ROS is indispensable in understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of many diseases. Here, near‐infrared (NIR) chemiluminescent (CL) carbon nanodots (CDs) are fabricated for the first time and their CL quantum yield can reach 9.98 × 10−3 einstein mol−1, which is the highest value ever reported for CDs until now. Nanointegration of NIR CDs and peroxalate (P‐CDs) through the bridging effect of amphiphilic triblock copolymer can serve as turn‐on probes for the detection and imaging of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Considering high efficiency and large penetration depth of NIR photons, the P‐CDs are employed in bioimaging H2O2 in vitro and in vivo, and the detection limit can reach 5 × 10−9 m, among the best reported of CDs‐based sensors. Moreover, imaging of inflammatory H2O2 in a mouse model of peritonitis is achieved by employing the P‐CDs as sensors. The results may provide a clue for the diagnosis and treatment of inflammation or cancers employing CL CDs as sensors. NIR carbon nanodots (CDs) with efficient chemiluminescence are developed. Nanointegration of NIR CDs and peroxalate can serve as turn‐on probes for bioimaging of exogenous and endogenous H2O2 in vitro and in vivo with the detection limit is 5 × 10−9 m. Bioimaging inflammatory H2O2 in a mouse model of peritonitis is achieved.

It remains a challenge to obtain biocompatible afterglow materials with long emission wavelengths, durable lifetimes, and good water solubility. Herein we develop a photooxidation strategy to construct near-infrared afterglow carbon nanodots with an extra-long lifetime of up to 5.9 h, comparable to that of the well-known rare-earth or organic long-persistent luminescent materials. Intriguingly, size-dependent afterglow lifetime evolution from 3.4 to 5.9 h has been observed from the carbon nanodots systems in aqueous solution. With structural/ultrafast dynamics analysis and density functional theory simulations, we reveal that the persistent luminescence in carbon nanodots is activated by a photooxidation-induced dioxetane intermediate, which can slowly release and convert energy into luminous emission via the steric hindrance effect of nanoparticles. With the persistent near-infrared luminescence, tissue penetration depth of 20 mm can be achieved. Thanks to the high signal-to-background ratio, biological safety and cancer-specific targeting ability of carbon nanodots, ultralong-afterglow guided surgery has been successfully performed on mice model to remove tumor tissues accurately, demonstrating potential clinical applications. These results may facilitate the development of long-lasting luminescent materials for precision tumor resection. Biocompatible afterglow materials have potential in imaging applications, but are challenging to prepare. Here the authors report the development of carbon nanodots with near-infrared afterglow, and demonstrate their use in imaging for tumour resection.

Phosphorescent carbon nanodots (CNDs) have generated enormous interest recently, and the CND phosphorescence is usually located in the visible region, while ultraviolet (UV) phosphorescent CNDs have not been reported thus far. Herein, the UV phosphorescence of CNDs was achieved by decreasing conjugation size and in-situ spatial confinement in a NaCNO crystal. The electron transition from the px to the sp2 orbit of the N atoms within the CNDs can generate one-unit orbital angular momentum, providing a driving force for the triplet excitons population of the CNDs. The confinement caused by the NaCNO crystal reduces the energy dissipation paths of the generated triplet excitons. By further tailoring the size of the CNDs, the phosphorescence wavelength can be tuned to 348 nm, and the room temperature lifetime of the CNDs can reach 15.8 ms. As a demonstration, the UV phosphorescent CNDs were used for inactivating gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria through the emission of their high-energy photons over a long duration, and the resulting antibacterial efficiency reached over 99.9%. This work provides a rational design strategy for UV phosphorescent CNDs and demonstrates their novel antibacterial applications.Ultraviolet high-energy photons of phosphorescent carbon dots for antibacterial applications. Herein, the UV phosphorescent CNDs were achieved by decreasing conjugation size and spatial confinement. As a demonstration, the CNDs are used to inactivate gram-negative/positive bacteria.

Advanced antibacterial technologies are needed to counter the rapid emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. Image-guided therapy is one of the most promising strategies for efficiently and accurately curing bacterial infections. Herein, a chemiluminescence (CL)-dynamic/guided antibacteria (CDGA) with multiple reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capacity and chemiexcited near-infrared emission has been designed for the precise theranostics of bacterial infection by employing near-infrared emissive carbon nanodots (CDs) and peroxalate as CL fuels. Mechanistically, hydrogen peroxide generated in the bacterial microenvironment can trigger the chemically initiated electron exchange between CDs and energy-riched intermediate originated from the oxidized peroxalate, enabling bacterial induced inflammation imaging. Meanwhile, type I/II photochemical ROS production and type III ultrafast charge transfer from CDs under the self-illumination can inhibit the bacteria proliferation efficiently. The potential clinical utility of CDGA is further demonstrated in bacteria infected mice trauma model. The self-illuminating CDGA exhibits an excellent in vivo imaging quality in early detecting wound infections and internal inflammation caused by bacteria, and further are proven as efficient broad-spectrum antibacterial nanomedicines without drug-resistance, whose sterilizing rate is up to 99.99%. Chemiluminescence-dynamic/guided antibacterial agents with multiple reactive oxygen species generation capacity and chemi-excited near-infrared emission from carbon nanodots have been designed for precise theranostics of bacterial infection.

Phosphorescent carbon nanodots (CNDs) have various attractive properties and potential applications, but it remains a formidable challenge to achieve large-scale phosphorescent CNDs limited by current methods. Herein, a large-scale synthesis method for phosphorescent CNDs has been demonstrated via precursors’ self-exothermic reaction at room temperature. The as-prepared CNDs show fluorescence and phosphorescence property, which are comparable with that synthesized by solvothermal and microwave method. Experimental and computational studies indicate that exotic atom doped sp 2 hybridized carbon core works as an emissive center, which facilities the intersystem crossing from singlet state to triplet state. The CNDs show phosphorescence with tunable lifetimes from 193 ms to 1.13 s at different temperatures. The demonstration of large-scale synthesis of phosphorescent CNDs at room temperature opens up a new window for room temperature fabrication phosphorescent CNDs.

Hydrogen peroxide (H ) is an important product generated in the body and related to many pathophysiological processes and glucose metabolism disorder can cause many fatal diseases in living bodies. Therefore, the sensing of H and glucose is of great significance in disease diagnostics and treatment. Fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) are one new class of nanoprobes for H and glucose. Nevertheless, the CD-based sensor is always based on its fluorescence response, which is influenced by the auto-fluorescent interference. Herein, efficient fluorescent CDs were synthesized by one-pot solvothermal method, and the CDs exhibit bright and persistent deep-red (DR) chemiluminescence (CL) in bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate and H solution with a CL quantum yield of (8.22 ± 0.30) × 10 , which is amongst the highest values in ever reported nanomaterials for chemical analysis. Employing the CDs as CL nanoprobes, sensitive sensing for H has been achieved with a detection limit of 11.7 μM, and further for glucose detection with a detection limit of 12.6 μM. The DR CL CDs is promising to be applied in blood glucose analysis or biosensor.

Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is an important product of oxidase-based enzymatic reactions, such as glucose/glucose oxidase (GOD) reaction. Therefore, the probing of generated H 2 O 2 for achieving the detection of various carbohydrates and their oxidases is very significative. Herein, we report one kind of dual-emission carbon nanodots (CDs) that can serve as novel dual-mode nanosensors with both fluorometric and colorimetric output for the selective detection of H 2 O 2 . The dual-model nanosensors are established only by the undecorated dual-emission CDs, where significant fluorometric and colorimetric changes are observed with the addition of different concentrations of H 2 O 2 in the CD solution, which benefit to the achievement of the naked-eye detection for H 2 O 2 . The mechanism of the nanosensors can be attributed to the fact that the external chemical stimuli like hydroxyl radicals from H 2 O 2 bring about the change of surface properties and the aggregation of CDs, which dominate the emission and absorption of CDs. The constructed dual-mode nanosensors exhibit good biocompatibility and high selectivity toward H 2 O 2 with a linear detection range spanning from 0.05 to 0.5 M and allow the detection of H 2 O 2 as low as 14 mM.

Recently, the chemiluminescence (CL) induced by carbon nanodots (CDs) has intrigued researchers’ extensive interests in various applications due to its special light emission principle. However, the difficulty of synthesizing chemiluminescent CDs with full-spectrum emission severely hinders the further regulation of the CL emission mechanism. Herein, the multi-color-emissive chemiluminescent CDs are rational designed and further synthesized by regulating the sp 2 -hybrid core and sp 3 -hybrid surface from the citrate-ammonia molecular in a single solvothermal reaction. More experimental characterizations and density functional theory calculations reveal that the higher temperature can promote the crosslinking polymerization/carbonization of carbon core and the higher protonation of solvent can determine the core size of final CDs, resulting in the variant CL emission from molecular-, crosslinking- and core-states. Thus, the CL emission of the CDs can be further synthesized by tuning the luminescence chromophores in the formation process via regulating the temperature and solvent, enabling the applications of the CL CDs in illumination and information encryption. This study paves a new technology to understand the luminescence of CDs and affords an industry translational potential over traditional chemiluminescent molecular.

Ga 2 O 3 has been regarded as a promising material for solar-blind detection due to its ultrawide bandgap and low growth cost. Although semiconductor microwires (MWs) possess unique optical and electronic characteristics, the performances of photodetectors developed from Ga 2 O 3 MWs are still less than satisfactory. Herein, we demonstrate high-performance solar-blind photodetectors based on Sn-doped Ga 2 O 3 MWs, possessing a light/dark current ratio of 10 7 and a responsivity of 2,409 A/W at 40 V. Moreover, a 1 × 10 solar-blind photodetector linear array is developed based on the Sn-doped Ga 2 O 3 MWs via a patterned-electrodes method. And clear solar-blind images are obtained by using the photodetector array as the imaging unit of a solar-blind imaging system. The results provide a convenient way to construct high-performance solar-blind photodetector arrays based on Ga 2 O 3 MWs, and thus may push forward their future applications.