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The current study was conducted in Sheikan Arrehed and Um Rowaba Localities, in the semi arid zone within North Kordofan State, during cropping reason 2015/2016, the aim of this study was to highlight the contribution of agroforestry in household income, and sustainable resource management of rural communities. To access forest and agroforestry as developmental environmentally and ecologically approach to better, safe sustainable rural development in study area and similar other semi arid areas. Primary data collected by field survey using cluster multi stage random sample by household questionnaire, sample size was 120 household, the Study found the income can be obtain from optimal farm solution was to cultivate an average farm size 26 feddan and the optimal profitable crop combination for crops selling and crops residual SDG 49,442. Current field survey found required income to meet the borderline (marginally food insecure) was SDG 35,770. Relatively study found one feddan of acacia trees can generate SDG 27,000. Study found the average number of trees was 20, which revenue per feddan was SDG 1350 for Acacia Senegal, SDG 900 for Zizyphus spina-christi, SDG 450 for Balanities aegyptiaca, SDG 1620 for Adansonia digitata, and SDG 1080 average revenues. Comparing to the gross margin analysis of crops revenues was on average per feddans was SDG 541 for Millet, SDG 636 for sorghum, SDG 585 for sesame, SDG 525 for groundnuts, SDG 388 for Roselle, SDG 468 for cowpea and SDG 321 for okra . Sorghum obtained the higher gross margin followed by sesame, millet and groundnuts. Study found the revenues of crops residual per feddan was SDG 1642 for millet, SDG 1118 for sesame, SDG 885 for ground nuts, SDG 826 for sorghum and SDG 335 for Rosella. The proposed optimal solution for average cultivated farm on planed based on model crops could generate enough income to achieve secured food in tack of 2400Kcal daily per person just in case of the inclusion of forest production, livestock revenues, off farm, and off season income generating activities outcome.

This paper was focusing and investigating the impact of financial and economic analysis of agro-silvo-pastoral system components and the role of Acacia Senegal in the food security of rural households in En-Nuhud locality. The study highlights the net revenue for all the three domains (Wad Banda, Elkhawei and Elnhoud). It is focused on the profitability of trees products mainly Acacia Senegal and other non-timber forest products with comparative benefits of main products in the area of study. The net revenue of trees with agricultural crops and animal husbandry dominated in the area was estimated. The income generated by the best land use alternative mix of agro-silvo-pastoral system of the farm enterprise activities in the area was also examined. The same constraints faced practicing the system in the area was examined also. The total cost and revenues per hectare was calculated using families farming income sheets, in order to assess the adequacy of their returns concerning the permanence of agro-silvo-pastoral system components. Market prices were applied in all the study scenarios. Sensitivity analysis wasconducted to examine the change in costs of tree products establishment and prices. The results showed that within the three domains, animal activities are dominated and acquired higher net revenue. The results reveal that agro-silvo-pastoral system is dominating in Elnhoud locality over other systems. The system recorded the highest net revenue in contrast to other domains under study. Wad Banda domain showed highest income in trees product (7.548.626.7 SDP), whereas Elkhawei recorded the highest net revenue in animals (169.196.809.2 SDP) and Elnhoud revealed that crops are the best (842.720.2 SDP).The result showed that tree was relatively high net revenue under assumption (5%, 20% and 40%) increase and decrease in tree product costs that could be as incentive for farmers to invest in such activities.

Land tenure and distribution are key factors to understanding the structure of production and power in traditional rain-fed sector. Various forms of land tenure influence the stability of the traditional rain-fed sector in rural area. If large numbers of farmers have only temporary access to land (through short¬term sharecropping agreements, for example), social problems are likely to be severe. The following analysis is an attempt to characterize man/land relations and indicates the extent to which these relationships represent major constraints on agricultural development in Bara, North Kordofan State in particular, and Sudan in general. Therefore, the study conducted on the basis of cross-district analysis and extrapolates the results to all districts in north Kordofan state, Sudan. 146 households were randomly selected for interview using pre-constructed questionnaire during 2010/2011 season. The results indicated that the socio-economic in general and land tenure system are the important factors affecting on the production and productivity of crops in traditional rain-fed sector and moreover affecting the agriculture development in North Kordofan State. In addition to that there was a relationship between socio-economic characteristics and land tenure which use in the agricultural development for example males at the level of significance of 5%, and no relationship between economic characteristics and land tenure which use in the agricultural development for example females at the level of significance of 5%