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Increasing urbanization, a massive migration to the big cities, and an imbalance between supply and demand for housing have introduced a housing shortage over the past few decades. The housing issue in Iran has been addressed through government housing provision and development programs. A brief review of the government's policies on development programs shows that government-based and market-based approaches are the two main types in the housing sector. Although the government initially had a primary role in housing provision, this responsibility was gradually transferred to the private sector, but without a proper balance between housing supply and demand. In this article, we will explore the different housing policies and examine the successes and failures of each one.

This research aims to identify the pull and push factors that are effective for tourists travelling to Gilan province and classifying their motivations into key factors. Data were collected using a questionnaire. A total of 20 motives, including 11 push factors and 9 pull factors, were investigated. The sample size of the study was 390 people. For data analysis, single-sample -test and factor analysis were used. The results showed that the average total pull motive was greater than the push motive. Motives were divided into three main factors: ‘nature-based tourism and spiritual regeneration’, ‘place dependency and the purchase of agricultural products’ and ‘lifestyle’. It should be noted that the ‘nature-based tourism and spiritual regeneration’ was found to be the most important factor for travelling to Gilan province.

The main objective of the current research is to identify and prioritise the obstacles to using bicycle sharing systems (BSSs) in the Tehran metropolis. The methodology of this research is analytical-descriptive and it aims to achieve applied goals. To do so, firstly the obstacles are identified through studying the theoretical and practical foundations of the issue and then by delving into factors associated with BSSs in the Tehran metropolis, extracting them through the content validity method. Then, the interrelations among the specified obstacles and their impact and effectiveness are determined through structural and MICMAC modelling. The data collection tool employed in the research assumes the forms of a survey and a face-to-face interview. According to the results, the following variables are among the ones associated with obstacles having the maximum impact on other obstacles: the financial problems and the disparity within the municipal management, culturalisation, educational shortage and negligence in using the participatory capacities of civilians. Before executing and taking any other strategy to overcome the obstacles, the forthcoming model supports Tehran metropolis municipal managers to identify the existent obstacles of the field in order to enable them to utilise a suitable approach as to lodging BSSs.

Although definitions of livability are vary from one community to another one but livability as a concept can be defined according to the context in which it is to be very wide or narrow. More livable settlements creates a greater sense of community and ownership and migration rates are lower in such settlements. Peri-urban villages due to the special position of proximity to urban areas has a set of spatial features. This feature makes them different and exceptional from other rural areas and suburbs. In this study, we have chosen the villages that are located on the periphery of large cities with big population size. Each village have different distance from Tehran metropolitan. For this reason they have various effects from Tehran metropolis and the dynamics and transformations of Tehran has a great impact on them. The main purpose of this work is analysis and explanation of spatial factors in local and regional scales on livability of peri urban villages in Varamin County. The results showed that there are significant relationship between spatial factors and livability indicators in selected villages.

Purpose Access to adequate housing represents a right entitled to any individual, as has been acknowledged by all states around the world. In Iran, despite the declaration of this right as per the Article 31 of Iran’s Constitution, it is yet to be realized. The purpose of this study is to developing a model for realization of the right to the adequate housing. Design/methodology/approach The present research was performed through a guided qualitative method. Structural-interpretative modeling was performed to present the model of right to adequate housing, and Mic Mac analysis was conducted for clustering the identified factors. Statistical population was composed of housing experts, with the samples taken via purposive sampling technique. Findings Based on the findings, the following factors were found to impose the largest effects on the realization of the right to adequate housing: alignment with ideology and beliefs of society; governance structure related arrangements; social structure related arrangements; improving security of tenure; justice in tenure; and local requirements. Practical implications Findings of this research contributes to increasing the awareness of the housing officials about their policies, reminding them the necessity of revisiting their routines for policy-setting. Indeed, they must switch from centralized policymaking to localized (provincealization) policymaking. Originality/value To the best of authors’ knowledge, this research is the first to investigate the right to adequate housing in Iran, elaborating on the relationship between relevant theories and practical issues.

In the past few decades, the concept of “right to the city” has spread from Europe to other parts of the world, but this concept is still neglected in Iran. This study seeks to examine the situation of nine metropolises in Iran in terms of the realization of the right to the city. A combination of methods is used. GIS software was used as a tool to leveling the metropolises. LISREL was used to analyze the effects of criteria and indicators and the TOPSIS technique was used to rank metropolises. According to the analysis obtained by GIS, the criteria and indicators of the right to the city are not in a good condition in any of the metropolises of Iran. But the output of the LISREL model shows that criteria such as service, political, economic, and cultural are better than managerial and health criteria. Finally, the results of the TOPSIS technique showed that in the current situation, the metropolis of Tehran is in the first rank and the metropolis of Kermanshah is in the last rank.

Purpose Housing is an essential element in the dynamics of urbanization. One of the main reasons for urbanization is population growth. As the population grows, the need for housing also increases. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the links between housing policies and plans and demographic issues in Iran. Design/methodology/approach The research has been conducted using the qualitative method. First, 14 main indicators of the population that occurred over the past 40 years have been extracted. To investigate the role of demographic indicators in seven main housing plans and policies in Iran, 30 indigenous housing experts have been interviewed. A criteria-based sampling method has been used in this research. Findings The results of this study show that demographic developments have been neglected in the formulation of Iranian housing policies and plans. It is also worth noting that the lack of attention to demographic issues a main reason for the failure of housing policies in Iran. Practical implications As an important implication, the present paper revealed that the mere submission of planning to the economists has been associated with an unpleasant consequence in Iran, and now, it is time to use various expertise and sciences in this important process, as well. Certainly, the use of other sciences such as urban planners contribute greatly to the housing promotion of plans. Originality/value In the present research, the relationship between housing and population changes has been investigated because of the significance of the housing sector in Iran besides the problems in the implementation of housing plans.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to survey the quantitative and qualitative indicators of housing in Tabriz and its comparison with urban areas of the province and the country (Iran) and identify the key indicators on the future of the housing situation in the Tabriz metropolis. Design/methodology/approach Statistical yearbooks, the censuses of different periods and the documentary-environmental scanning methods are used to collect the data and matrix of crossed impact multiplications applied to a classification (MICMAC) software is used for analyzing the data. Findings The results show that during the years 1976 to 2016, the quantitative and qualitative indicators of housing in Tabriz have improved. Also, by obtaining the environmental scanning method, 61 factors were selected in 5 areas that have the greatest impact on the future of housing in the Tabriz metropolis. Finally, 11 key factors that have the most impact on the future of housing in the Tabriz metropolis were selected. These factors are economic growth, inflation, household income and savings, land and housing prices, sanctions, exchange rate changes, bank facilities, unemployment rates, political changes, purchasing power and management style. Among these factors, economic factors play the most important role, and political-managerial factors come in the next place. Originality/value This paper proves two issues, namely, the housing market in Iran, especially in the metropolis of Tabriz is strongly influenced by macroeconomic factors and the political situation of society and slogans of housing market reform without fundamental changes and reforms in both economic and political sectors of society are demagogic and illogical.

Purpose The housing policies targeting low-income households have not been effective to address the housing needs of target groups in Iran over the past four decades. According to the World Bank’s data on population living in slums (% of urban population) in Iran in 2018 was 25% which is slightly higher than the rate 23% of upper-middle-income countries. This study aims to understand what major revisions are required in the process of housing policymaking to have more effective policies. Design/methodology/approach The authors conduct one-to-one interviews with 41 housing experts and apply discourse analysis and interpretive–structural modeling to achieve the goals. Findings The panel of experts argue that the success of housing policies in Iran depends on the following: all academic disciplines should be included in the process of housing policymaking process; land policymaking should be modified; housing policy is a regional issue, and it should be designed and implemented differently in each province; main modifications are required in the tax and tenancy system; and new policies are required to push vacant houses into the rental market. Originality/value This study is a prescriptive study based on a general trend (four decades).

The Lut desert is one of the largest and most attractive deserts in Iran. The value of desert tourism remains unclear for Iran’s economy and has only recently been taken into consideration by the authorities, although its true national and international value remains unclear. This study was aimed at investigating the factors that influence tourism development in the Lut desert. Data collected through the purposive sampling method was analyzed using Interpretive Structural Modeling and the MICMAC Analysis. According to the results, cost-effective travel expenses, security, and safety provided in the desert, together with appropriate media advertising and illustration of the Lut desert (branding) are the leading factors that influence tourism in the Lut desert in Iran. This paper highlighted the importance of desert tourism, especially in this region.