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"Zhang, Hai-Yang"
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The Role of Serendipita indica (Piriformospora indica) in Improving Plant Resistance to Drought and Salinity Stresses
Plant stress is one of the biggest threats to crops, causing irreparable damage to farmers’ incomes; Therefore, finding suitable, affordable, and practical solutions will help the agricultural economy and prevent the loss of millions of tons of agricultural products. Scientists have taken significant steps toward improving farm productivity in the last few decades by discovering how beneficial soil microorganisms enhance plant resistance to environmental stresses. Among these microorganisms is Serendipita indica, which the benefits of coexisting this fungus with plant roots have been extensively explored in recent years. By investigating fungus specification and its effects on plants’ morphological, physiological, and molecular traits, the present study seeks to understand how Serendipita indica affects plant resistance to salinity and drought conditions. Furthermore, this study attempts to identify the unknown mechanisms of action of the coexistence of Serendipita indica with plants in the face of stress using information from previous studies. Thus, it provides a way for future research to assess the impact of this fungus on tackling environmental stresses and enhancing agricultural productivity.
Journal Article
Changes in notifiable infectious disease incidence in China during the COVID-19 pandemic
Nationwide nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been effective at mitigating the spread of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), but their broad impact on other diseases remains under-investigated. Here we report an ecological analysis comparing the incidence of 31 major notifiable infectious diseases in China in 2020 to the average level during 2014-2019, controlling for temporal phases defined by NPI intensity levels. Respiratory diseases and gastrointestinal or enteroviral diseases declined more than sexually transmitted or bloodborne diseases and vector-borne or zoonotic diseases. Early pandemic phases with more stringent NPIs were associated with greater reductions in disease incidence. Non-respiratory diseases, such as hand, foot and mouth disease, rebounded substantially towards the end of the year 2020 as the NPIs were relaxed. Statistical modeling analyses confirm that strong NPIs were associated with a broad mitigation effect on communicable diseases, but resurgence of non-respiratory diseases should be expected when the NPIs, especially restrictions of human movement and gathering, become less stringent.
Non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented to mitigate COVID-19 transmission are likely to have impacted spread of other infectious diseases. Here, the authors investigate changes in the incidence of 31 notifiable infectious diseases using surveillance data from China.
Journal Article
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Are an Influential Factor in Improving the Phytoremediation of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Chromium
The increasing expansion of mines, factories, and agricultural lands has caused many changes and pollution in soils and water of several parts of the world. In recent years, metal(loid)s are one of the most dangerous environmental pollutants, which directly and indirectly enters the food cycle of humans and animals, resulting in irreparable damage to their health and even causing their death. One of the most important missions of ecologists and environmental scientists is to find suitable solutions to reduce metal(loid)s pollution and prevent their spread and penetration in soil and groundwater. In recent years, phytoremediation was considered a cheap and effective solution to reducing metal(loid)s pollution in soil and water. Additionally, the effect of soil microorganisms on increasing phytoremediation was given special attention; therefore, this study attempted to investigate the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in the phytoremediation system and in reducing contamination by some metal(loid)s in order to put a straightforward path in front of other researchers.
Journal Article
Foliar nutrient resorption differs between arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal trees at local and global scales
Aim: Trees associating with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi typically occur in infertile soils and use nutrients more conservatively than arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) trees. We hypothesized that ECM trees would have greater nutrient resorption (i.e., proportion of nutrients resorbed during leaf senescence) than AM trees. Location: Global. Methods: We synthesized nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) resorption data from 378 species from sub/tropical, temperate and boreal forests, including 43 studies where ECM and AM trees co-occurred, and conducted a meta-analysis. Additionally, we quantified N resorption in 45 plots varying in ECM-AM tree abundances in the temperate deciduous forests of southern Indiana, USA. Results: Overall, resorption patterns were driven primarily by mycorrhizal type, climate zone, and to a lesser degree, leaf habit. In the boreal forest, P resorption was 76% greater for ECM than AM trees (p < .05). In the sub/tropics, AM trees resorbed 30% more N than ECM trees. At the sites where AM and ECM trees co-occurred, ECM trees resorbed more N in temperate forests (15% greater; p < .001) whereas AM trees tended to resorb more N in sub/tropical forests (by 29%; p = .08). Besides, deciduous ECM trees resorbed more N (10%) and P (15%) than deciduous AM trees, while evergreen ECM and AM trees did not differ. In the deciduous forests of Indiana, where ECM and AM trees co-occurred, the relative abundance of ECM trees in a plot was positively correlated to plot-scale N resorption (R2 = .25, p = .001), indicating greater nutrient conservatism with increasing ECM-dominance. Main conclusions: Our results indicate that mycorrhizal association – in addition to other factors – is correlated with the degree to which trees recycle nutrients, with the strongest effects occurring for N resorption by temperate deciduous trees.
Journal Article
Association between fatality rate of COVID-19 and selenium deficiency in China
Background
COVID-19 has impacted populations around the world, with the fatality rate varying dramatically across countries. Selenium, as one of the important micronutrients implicated in viral infections, was suggested to play roles.
Methods
An ecological study was performed to assess the association between the COVID-19 related fatality and the selenium content both from crops and topsoil, in China.
Results
Totally, 14,045 COVID-19 cases were reported from 147 cities during 8 December 2019–13 December 2020 were included. Based on selenium content in crops, the case fatality rates (CFRs) gradually increased from 1.17% in non-selenium-deficient areas, to 1.28% in moderate-selenium-deficient areas, and further to 3.16% in severe-selenium-deficient areas (
P
= 0.002). Based on selenium content in topsoil, the CFRs gradually increased from 0.76% in non-selenium-deficient areas, to 1.70% in moderate-selenium-deficient areas, and further to 1.85% in severe-selenium-deficient areas (
P
< 0.001). The zero-inflated negative binomial regression model showed a significantly higher fatality risk in cities with severe-selenium-deficient selenium content in crops than non-selenium-deficient cities, with incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 3.88 (95% CIs: 1.21–12.52), which was further confirmed by regression fitting the association between CFR of COVID-19 and selenium content in topsoil, with the IRR of 2.38 (95% CIs: 1.14–4.98) for moderate-selenium-deficient cities and 3.06 (1.49–6.27) for severe-selenium-deficient cities.
Conclusions
Regional selenium deficiency might be related to an increased CFR of COVID-19. Future studies are needed to explore the associations between selenium status and disease outcome at individual-level.
Journal Article
Curled orbit and epicyclic oscillation of charged particles around the weakly magnetized black hole in the presence of Lorentz violation
In this paper, we investigate the motion of charged particles around the weakly magnetized Schwarzschild-like bumblebee black hole which has Lorentz symmetry breaking. Charged particles have curled orbits around the black hole which can only appear in the presence of external magnetic field. We investigate the effect of Lorentz violating factor on the curled orbit for both the case with and without cosmological constant. Furthermore, we investigate the harmonic oscillation behaviors of the charged particles around the stable circular orbit. By using the epicyclic resonance model, we relate the harmonic oscillations of charged particles to the twin high frequency quasi-periodic oscillations observed in micro-quasars. Based on the observations of quasi-periodic oscillation, we provide a stringent constraint on the Lorentz violating parameter by using Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm. As the black hole shadow for Schwarzschild-like bumblebee black hole degenerates to the ordinary Schwarzschild black hole, the constraint we obtained from the quasi-period oscillation is crucial for further searching for the imprint of Lorentz symmetry breaking in our universe.
Journal Article
Meso and macroscale mechanical behaviors of soil–rock mixtures
Composed of large rock blocks and fine soil particles, the physical and mechanical behaviors of soil–rock mixtures (S–RMs) are quite complex. To develop insight into the S–RM deformation and failure mechanisms on the macro and mesoscales, CT image sequences of the samples were obtained on different stages of the S–RM triaxial test. Then, the 3D mesostructures of the samples were reconstructed based on the developed 3D Meso-Structure Reconstruction and Analysis System (MSRAS3D), and the algorithms required for quantitative analysis of the S–RM mesostructure were provided. The fracture and motion processes of the rock blocks in the S–RM sample were tracked based on the reconstructed 3D models. Because of the influence of the sample preparation method, the primary axes of the rock blocks trended toward the horizontal direction. This led to the initial anisotropy of the S–RM’s mesoscale structure. To compare reconstructed 3D models of the samples from different test stages, three types of the rock-block breakage modes were analyzed: disintegration, fracturing, and edge-corner breakage. The tests results indicated that the influence of the rock blocks makes the S–RM stronger than soil, The S–RM p–q curve was not a straight line due to the rock block breakage. As a result, a modified Mohr–Coulomb strength relationship in the form of a power function was suggested.
Journal Article
Doping evolution of the normal state magnetic excitations in pressurized La3Ni2O7
The doping evolution behaviors of the normal state magnetic excitations (MEs) of the pressurized nickelate La3Ni2O7 are theoretically studied in this paper. It was found that the MEs of the parental compound have very strong dependence on the vertical momentum qz. For small qz, the low energy MEs exhibit a square-like pattern centered at (0, 0) which originates from the intrapocket particle-hole scatterings. With the increasing of qz, this square pattern diminishes gradually, and the MEs turn to be ruled by two new interpocket scattering modes with significantly larger intensity for qz around π. Hence, we have established the exotic qz evolution of the normal state MEs of the bilayer nickelates in the present study. Furthermore, we find that the main features of the MEs are very robust against doping. They persist in the wide hole- or electron-doping regime around the filling of n = 3.0. However, in the heavily electron-doped regime, the behaviors of the MEs change qualitatively due to the occurrence of a Lifshitz transition. With the absence of the hole γ pocket, for n = 4.0, there will exist nearly perfect nesting between the electron α and the hole β pockets guaranteed by the Luttinger theorem and the Fermi surface topology. As a result, a spin-density-wave phase was theoretically predicted to order around (π,π,π) near n = 4.0, in contrast with the parental compound which orders at (π/2,π/2,π) under ambient pressure. We expect that the doping-temperature phase diagram of the pressurized La3Ni2O7 will be explored in the near future which is helpful to unravel the intricate relation between the magnetic order and superconductivity.
Journal Article
The microprotein encoded by exosomal lncAKR1C2 promotes gastric cancer lymph node metastasis by regulating fatty acid metabolism
Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is the prominent route of gastric cancer dissemination, and usually leads to tumor progression and a dismal prognosis of gastric cancer. Although exosomal lncRNAs have been reported to be involved in tumor development, whether secreted lncRNAs can encode peptides in recipient cells remains unknown. Here, we identified an exosomal lncRNA (lncAKR1C2) that was clinically correlated with lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer in a VEGFC-independent manner. Exo-lncAKR1C2 secreted from gastric cancer cells was demonstrated to enhance tube formation and migration of lymphatic endothelial cells, and facilitate lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis in vivo. By comparing the metabolic characteristics of LN metastases and primary focuses, we found that LN metastases of gastric cancer displayed higher lipid metabolic activity. Moreover, exo-lncAKR1C2 encodes a microprotein (pep-AKR1C2) in lymphatic endothelial cells and promotes CPT1A expression by regulating YAP phosphorylation, leading to enhanced fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and ATP production. These findings highlight a novel mechanism of LNM and suggest that the microprotein encoded by exosomal lncAKR1C2 serves as a therapeutic target for advanced gastric cancer.
Journal Article