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Drug delivery system based on nanobiotechnology can improve the pharmacokinetics and therapeutic index of chemotherapeutic agents, which has revolutionized tumor therapy. Onivyde, also known as MM-398 or PEP02, is a nanoliposomal formulation of irinotecan which has demonstrated encouraging anticancer activity across a broad range of malignancies, including pancreatic cancer, esophago-gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer. This up-to-date review not only focuses on the structure, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacogenetics of Onivyde but also summarizes clinical trials and recommends Onivyde for patients with advanced solid tumors.

As tumor angiogenesis is one of the hallmarks of cancer, the inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling has become an attractive anticancer approach. Apatinib, a small-molecule inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, has demonstrated encouraging anticancer activity across a broad range of malignancies, including gastric cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, breast cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this up-to-date review, focus is not only on the structure, mechanisms, and pharmacokinetics of apatinib, but also on summarizing clinical trials and making recommendations of apatinib for patients with advanced solid tumors.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the evidence-based first-line treatment for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer that harbors sensitizing EGFR mutations (EGFRm(+)) such as exon 19 deletions and L858R substitutions in exon 21. However, acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs is mostly driven by a second-site EGFR T790M mutation, which negates their inhibitory activity. Osimertinib (AZD9291, Tagrisso™), an oral, third-generation EGFR TKI, has been designed to target the EGFR T790M mutation, while sparing wild-type EGFR. In this up-to-date review, focus is not only on the structure, mechanisms, and pharmacokinetics of osimertinib but also on summarizing clinical trials and making recommendations of osimertinib for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.

The interplay between magnetism and topologically non-trivial electronic states is an important subject in condensed matter physics. Recently, the stoichiometric intrinsic magnetic material MnBi2Te4 provides an ideal platform to study the magnetic topological phenomena, such as quantum anomalous Hall effect, axion insulator state, topological magnetoelectric effect. However, it is still controversial whether the topological surface state in the (111) plane is gapped or not. Here, we develop an effective method to study different surface magnetizations based on first-principles calculations. Then we investigate the band dispersions, the Fermi surfaces (FSs), the quasiparticle interferences (QPIs) and the spin texture of topological surface states of MnBi2Te4 with tuning the surface magnetization. We find that the surface magnetization has significant effects on the surface states. Our results also indicate that the symmetry breaking of FSs and QPIs may be a useful way to determine the possible surface magnetization of MnBi2Te4.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening disorder with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Reactive oxygen species and epithelial apoptosis are involved in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent non-apoptotic form of cell death, mediates its effects in part by promoting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. The inhibition of ferroptosis decreases clinical symptoms in experimental models of ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal failure and heart injury. This study investigated the roles of inhibitor of apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53 (iASPP) and Nrf2 in ferroptosis and their potential therapeutic effects in intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute lung injury. Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced ALI was induced in wild-type and Nrf2−/− mice. The mice were treated with erastin followed by liproxstatin-1. Ferroptosis-related factors in mice with ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute lung injury or in mouse lung epithelial-2 cells with hypoxia/regeneration (HR)-induced ALI were measured by western blotting, real-time PCR, and immunofluorescence. Ferroptosis contributed to intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced ALI in vivo. iASPP inhibited ferroptosis and alleviated intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute lung injury, and iASPP-mediated protection against ischemia/reperfusion-induced ALI was dependent on Nrf2 signaling. HR-induced acute lung injury enhanced ferroptosis in vitro in mouse lung epithelial-2 cells, and ferroptosis was modulated after the enhancement of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in Nrf2−/− mice. iASPP mediated its protective effects against acute lung injury through the Nrf2/HIF-1/TF signaling pathway. Ferroptosis contributes to intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced ALI, and iASPP treatment inhibits ferroptosis in part via Nrf2. These findings indicate the therapeutic potential of iASPP for treating ischemia/reperfusion-induced ALI.

Magnetic topological insulators (MTIs) offer a combination of topologically nontrivial characteristics and magnetic order and show promise in terms of potentially interesting physical phenomena such as the quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect and topological axion insulating states. However, the understanding of their properties and potential applications have been limited due to a lack of suitable candidates for MTIs. Here, we grow two-dimensional single crystals of Mn(Sb x Bi (1- x ) ) 2 Te 4 bulk and exfoliate them into thin flakes in order to search for intrinsic MTIs. We perform angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, low-temperature transport measurements, and first-principles calculations to investigate the band structure, transport properties, and magnetism of this family of materials, as well as the evolution of their topological properties. We find that there exists an optimized MTI zone in the Mn(Sb x Bi (1- x ) ) 2 Te 4 phase diagram, which could possibly host a high-temperature QAH phase, offering a promising avenue for new device applications. Available intrinsic magnetic topological insulators are rare. Here, the authors study the electronic and magnetic properties of Mn(Sb x Bi (1- x ) ) 2 Te 4 bulks and thin flakes, revealing intrinsic magnetic topological insulator phase in the phase diagram.

Different mechanistic processes explaining the catalytic activities of supported gold catalysts have been proposed. Au–Pd colloidal nanoclusters are now shown to exhibit high catalytic activity owing to an abundance of negatively charged Au atoms on the surface. Catalysis using gold is emerging as an important field of research in connection with ‘green’ chemistry 1 , 2 , 3 . Several hypotheses have been presented to explain the markedly high activities of Au catalysts 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 . So far, the origin of the catalytic activities of supported Au catalysts can be assigned to the perimeter interfaces between Au nanoclusters and the support 11 . However, the genesis of the catalytic activities of colloidal Au-based bimetallic nanoclusters is unclear. Moreover, it is still a challenge to synthesize Au-based colloidal catalysts with high activity. Here we now present the ‘crown-jewel’ concept ( Supplementary Fig. S1 ) for preparation of catalytically highly Au-based colloidal catalysts. Au–Pd colloidal catalysts containing an abundance of top (vertex or corner) Au atoms were synthesized according to the strategy on a large scale. Our results indicate that the genesis of the high activity of the catalysts could be ascribed to the presence of negatively charged top Au atoms.

Ideal Weyl semimetals with all Weyl nodes exactly at the Fermi level and no coexisting trivial Fermi surfaces in the bulk, similar to graphene, could feature deep physics such as exotic transport phenomena induced by the chiral anomaly. Here, we show that HgTe and half-Heusler compounds, under a broad range of in-plane compressive strain, could be materials in nature realizing ideal Weyl semimetals with four pairs of Weyl nodes and topological surface Fermi arcs. Generically, we find that the HgTe-class materials with nontrivial band inversion and noncentrosymmetry provide a promising arena to realize ideal Weyl semimetals. Such ideal Weyl semimetals could further provide a unique platform to study emergent phenomena such as the interplay between ideal Weyl fermions and superconductivity in the half-Heusler compound LaPtBi. Ideal Weyl semimetals, similar to graphene, show peculiar features such as exotic electronic transport. Here, Ruan et al . predict that strain-tuned HgTe-class materials can become ideal Weyl semimetals, which could provide a promising platform to study emergent topological phenomena.

In recent years melatonin has emerged as a research highlight in plant studies. Melatonin has different functions in many aspects of plant growth and development. The most frequently mentioned functions of melatonin are related to abiotic stresses such as drought, radiation, extreme temperature, and chemical stresses. This review mainly focuses on the regulatory effects of melatonin when plants face harsh environmental conditions. Evidence indicates that environmental stress can increase the level of endogenous melatonin in plants. Overexpression of the melatonin biosynthetic genes elevates melatonin levels in transgenic plants. The transgenic plants show enhanced tolerance to abiotic stresses. Exogenously applied melatonin can also improve the ability of plants to tolerate abiotic stresses. The mechanisms by which melatonin alleviates abiotic stresses are discussed.

Observations of topological surface states provide strong evidence that MoTe 2 is a type-II Weyl semimetal, hosting Weyl fermions that have no counterpart in high-energy physics. Weyl semimetal is a new quantum state of matter 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 hosting the condensed matter physics counterpart of the relativistic Weyl fermions 13 originally introduced in high-energy physics. The Weyl semimetal phase realized in the TaAs class of materials features multiple Fermi arcs arising from topological surface states 10 , 11 , 14 , 15 , 16 and exhibits novel quantum phenomena, such as a chiral anomaly-induced negative magnetoresistance 17 , 18 , 19 and possibly emergent supersymmetry 20 . Recently it was proposed theoretically that a new type (type-II) of Weyl fermion 21 , 22 that arises due to the breaking of Lorentz invariance, which does not have a counterpart in high-energy physics, can emerge as topologically protected touching between electron and hole pockets. Here, we report direct experimental evidence of topological Fermi arcs in the predicted type-II Weyl semimetal MoTe 2 (refs  23 , 24 , 25 ). The topological surface states are confirmed by directly observing the surface states using bulk- and surface-sensitive angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, and the quasi-particle interference pattern between the putative topological Fermi arcs in scanning tunnelling microscopy. By establishing MoTe 2 as an experimental realization of a type-II Weyl semimetal, our work opens up opportunities for probing the physical properties of this exciting new state.