Explore the vast range of titles available.

Due to the capability of providing flexible network coverage, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are a promising solution to support the Internet‐of‐Things (IoT) applications, especially for the area without terrestrial network coverage. In this paper, a UAV‐assisted IoT network is considered, where a UAV serves as an aerial base station to serve ground IoT devices. To support the massive access, grant‐free non‐orthogonal communications are also adopted, where packets generated by IoT devices can skip the handshake process and share a channel with other packets for transmission. With the aim to maintain the information freshness, the age of information (AoI) for the network is first derived, and an AoI minimization problem is formulated as a Stackelberg game where the UAV is the leader and ground IoT devices are followers. However, solving such a problem is challenging as the number of involved followers is large. To simplify the problem, a mean‐field game based approach is proposed, where the average behaviours of followers are considered instead of individual strategies. Simulation results show that the computational complexity of the proposed scheme is almost unchanged with the number of IoT devices while the performance is close to the optimal one.

Pan-genomes from large natural populations can capture genetic diversity and reveal genomic complexity. Using de novo long-read assembly, we generated a graph-based super pan-genome of rice consisting of a 251-accession panel comprising both cultivated and wild species of Asian and African rice. Our pan-genome reveals extensive structural variations (SVs) and gene presence/absence variations. Additionally, our pan-genome enables the accurate identification of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat genes and characterization of their inter- and intraspecific diversity. Moreover, we uncovered grain weight-associated SVs which specify traits by affecting the expression of their nearby genes. We characterized genetic variants associated with submergence tolerance, seed shattering and plant architecture and found independent selection for a common set of genes that drove adaptation and domestication in Asian and African rice. This super pan-genome facilitates pinpointing of lineage-specific haplotypes for trait-associated genes and provides insights into the evolutionary events that have shaped the genomic architecture of various rice species.

Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice grain poses a serious threat to human health. While several transport systems have been reported, the complexity of rice Cd transport and accumulation indicates the necessity of identifying additional genes, especially those that are responsible for Cd accumulation divergence between indica and japonica rice subspecies. Here, we show that a gene, OsCd1 , belonging to the major facilitator superfamily is involved in root Cd uptake and contributes to grain accumulation in rice. Natural variation in OsCd1 with a missense mutation Val449Asp is responsible for the divergence of rice grain Cd accumulation between indica and japonica . Near-isogenic line tests confirm that the indica variety carrying the japonica allele OsCd1 V449 can reduce the grain Cd accumulation. Thus, the japonica allele OsCd1 V449 may be useful for reducing grain Cd accumulation of indica rice cultivars through breeding. Grain of indica rice accumulates more toxic cadmium (Cd) than japonica , but the underlying genetic basis is unclear. Here, the authors show that natural variation of OsCd1 contributes to divergence in grain Cd accumulation and transferring japonica allele to indica rice leads to reduced Cd accumulation.

Microcharcoal morphology, which changes with biofuel type in the wildfire, can be used as an index for wildfire history and vegetation evolution. Here, five loess sites across the Chinese Loess Plateau were used to establish the biofuel history of the region during the Holocene based on microcharcoal morphological records. The results suggested that consistently increasing grass biofuel dominated the mid‐Holocene (∼7,500–3,000 yr BP), and the grassland or steppe expanded in the same interval. Since the climate conditions with simultaneous high precipitation and temperature of the mid‐Holocene are the most recent paleoclimate analog for future warming, we argue that the humid and warm conditions expected under future global warming on the Loess Plateau might lead to an increase in the grass rather than trees. Plain Language Summary As the product of the incomplete combustion of plants, microcharcoal has been widely used as a wildfire indicator, though microcharcoal morphology has received little attention. Studies have recognized that microcharcoal morphology can indicate the biofuel type (grass or wood) burnt in wildfires and thus can be used as an ideal index in wildfire history and vegetation evolution research. Here, we shed new light on biofuel history based on this established relationship. We compiled 425 microcharcoal records from five sites across the Chinese Loess Plateau and combined the data with compiled pollen records to establish the vegetation history during the Holocene. The results suggest that grassland or steppe was prevalent during the mid‐Holocene, consistent with the synthesized herb pollen records, biome reconstruction, and high precipitation and temperature. Because the climate conditions of the mid‐Holocene are the most recent paleoclimate analog for future warming, we infer that the humid and warm conditions expected under future global warming may promote the expansion of grass vegetation on the Loess Plateau. The insights may reveal the vulnerability of the restoration achievements dominated by plantations today. In addition, we highlight the potential of the more easily preserved microcharcoal to explore vegetation history in future work. Key Points Microcharcoal morphological history reveals that grassland or steppe dominated the mid‐Holocene on the Chinese Loess Plateau The humid and warm conditions under future global warming on the Chinese Loess Plateau might lead to prevalent grass rather than trees Evidence suggests that more native grassland or steppe should be considered in future restoration programs on the Loess Plateau

Vehicle emissions are regarded as a primary contributor to air pollution and related adverse health impacts. Heavy traffic congestion increases traffic flow and thus produces more O3 precursor emissions, leading to more adverse air quality issues. Although the development of a vehicle emission inventory has received great concern and continuous efforts, limitations still exist. For example, real-time diurnal variations and increases in emission rates due to traffic congestion are not well understood. In this study, we developed a new temporal allocation approach in transportation emissions to investigate the impact on air quality and health burden due to traffic congestion in China in 2020. Both real-time congestion-level data and emission correction factors were considered in the approach. Results show that traffic congestion aggravates air pollution and health burden across China, especially in the urban clusters such as the North China Plain and Sichuan Basin. In these regions, the average annual increases in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) could be up to 3.5 µg m−3 and 1.1 ppb, respectively. The excess PM2.5 and O3 attributed to the traffic congestion also induce an additional 20 000 and 5000 premature deaths in China, respectively. In major cities, the increased rate of premature mortality caused by traffic congestion may reach 17.5 %. Therefore, more effective and comprehensive vehicle emission control policies or better planning of the road network should be established to reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality in China.

In this paper, numerical simulations of single-jet impingement cooling and double-jet impingement cooling processes of heated L-shaped steel are carried out using the VOF model. The SIMPLEC pressure–velocity coupling algorithm and realizable k-ε model are used for the solution. The effects of jet position, water flow, and jet distance in the single-jet condition are analyzed in the simulations. The distributions of impact pressure, turbulence kinetic energy, and Nusselt number were obtained, as well as the variation of the peak values of these three factors with the jet position, water flow, and jet distance. The water flow rate is 3–11 L/min, and the jet distance is 5–25 cm. The effect of the distance between the two nozzles on the jet cooling uniformity under the dual jet condition was also analyzed. The distance between the two nozzles was 15–45 mm. The results showed that the variation of water flow rate had a greater effect on the ability of jet cooling compared with the jet position and jet distance, and the heat transfer efficiency also increased gradually with the increase of water flow, but the increased rate of heat transfer efficiency decreased gradually. When the flow rate increased from 3 to 11 L/min, the maximum instantaneous cooling rates at 1/4 of the thickness of the short side upper side, long side upper side, short side lower side, and long side lower side positions increased by 38.9%, 48.5%, 48.2%, and 32.9%, respectively. To ensure that the jet does not shift, the jet distance should be less than or equal to 10 cm. In the case of the double jet, the nozzle distance is 1.5 cm, and the cooling uniformity of the cooling area between the two nozzles is better. The peak Nusselt number in the cooling area of each part under the double jet cooling condition increased by 5%, 9.4%, 10.2%, and 13.3%, respectively, compared with the single jet.

Upland rice is a distinct ecotype that grows in aerobic environments and tolerates drought stress. However, the genetic basis of its drought resistance is unclear. Here, using an integrative approach combining a genome-wide association study with analyses of introgression lines and transcriptomic profiles, we identify a gene, DROUGHT1 ( DROT1 ), encoding a COBRA-like protein that confers drought resistance in rice. DROT1 is specifically expressed in vascular bundles and is directly repressed by ERF3 and activated by ERF71, both drought-responsive transcription factors. DROT1 improves drought resistance by adjusting cell wall structure by increasing cellulose content and maintaining cellulose crystallinity. A C-to-T single-nucleotide variation in the promoter increases DROT1 expression and drought resistance in upland rice. The potential elite haplotype of DROT1 in upland rice could originate in wild rice ( O. rufipogon ) and may be beneficial for breeding upland rice varieties. Genetic basis of the drought tolerance of upland rice is unclear. Here, the authors report the cloning of a COBRA-like protein encoding gene DROT1 and reveal that it is repressed by ERF3 and activated by ERF71 to help control the balance between growth and drought tolerance in upland rice.

The marine ecological environment of Hangzhou Bay and its adjacent waters ( 30°–31° N, 121.5–123.5° E ) shaped by various factors, serves as a spawning and feeding ground for diverse species of fish, shrimp and crabs, including a traditional gillnet fishing area for the gazami crab, Portunus trituberculatus . The study investigates spatiotemporal distribution and the mechanisms underlying the formation of these fishing grounds of P. trituberculatus using single bottom trawl survey data from 31 stations in Hangzhou Bay and its adjacent waters across four seasons in 2014, gillnet survey data during the period 25–29 July 2019 to 2021 and gillnet vessel fishing logs from September 2020 to January 2021. Seasonal variations and spatiotemporal distributions of P. trituberculatus abundance and body mass were analysed. A generalised additive model was applied to assess the influence of external factors identifying key drivers of fishing ground formation. Gillnet monitoring and fishing log data were used to explore inter-annual trends in population characteristics and catch per unit effort (CPUE). The findings revealed pronounced seasonal patterns in P. trituberculatus abundance and distribution, with notable seasonal differences in spatial and temporal dynamics. The primary external factors affecting abundance were season and bottom salinity, followed by latitude and surface chlorophyll a content. Bottom salinity emerged as the critical environmental factor driving the formation of the gillnet fishing grounds. Significant inter-annual differences were observed in P. trituberculatus carapace length ( P  < 0.05), although no significant differences were found between sexes within the same year. Monthly variation in CPUE 0.49–1.38 kg/net and carapace length 75.6–82.1 mm were also significant ( P  < 0.05). This study elucidates the spatiotemporal distribution patterns and environmental drivers shaping P. trituberculatus fishing grounds in Hangzhou Bay and its adjacent waters, providing insights for sustainable management and conservation of these fishery resources.

Due to the high incidence of PRRSV mutation and recombination, PRRSV infection is difficult to prevent and control in China and worldwide. Two species of PRRSV, Betaarterivirus suid 1 (PRRSV-1) and Betaarterivirus suid 2 (PRRSV-2), exist in China, and PRRSV-1 has always received less attention in China. However, the number of PRRSV-1 strains detected in China has increased recently. To date, PRRSV-1 has spread to more than 23 regions in China. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of ORF5 and the whole genome of PRRSV-1, Chinese PRRSV-1 can be divided into at least seven independent subgroups. Among them, BJEU06-1-like has become the mainstream subgroup in some regions of China. This subgroup of strains has a 5-aa (4 + 1) characteristic discontinuous deletion pattern at aa 357~aa 360 and aa 411 in Nsp2. Previous studies have indicated that the pathogenicity of PRRSV-1 in China is mild, but recent studies found that the pathogenicity of PRRSV-1 was enhanced in China. Therefore, the emergence of PRRSV-1 deserves attention, and the prevention and control of PRRSV-1 infection in China should be strengthened. PRRSV infection is usually prevented and controlled by a combination of virus monitoring, biosafety restrictions, herd management measures and vaccination. However, the use of PRRSV-1 vaccines is currently banned in China. Thus, we should strengthen the monitoring of PRRSV-1 and the biosafety management of pig herds in China. In this review, we summarize the prevalence of PRRSV-1 in China and clarify the genomic characteristics, pathogenicity, vaccine status, and prevention and control management system of PRRSV-1 in China. Consequently, the purpose of this review is to provide a basis for further development of prevention and control measures for PRRSV-1.

Self-healing microcapsules in the asphalt pavement must be kept intact under vehicle load to ensure there is enough rejuvenator in capsules when cracks appear in asphalt pavement. In this paper, the crack resistance of self-healing microcapsules in asphalt pavement was evaluated. Firstly, an expanding multi-scale analysis was conducted based on proposed mesoscopic mechanical models with the aim to determine the mechanical parameters for the following contracting multi-scale analysis. Secondly, the periodic boundary condition was introduced for the contracting multi-scale analysis and the stress field of the capsule wall was obtained. Finally, the effects of the design parameters of the microcapsule on its crack resistance in asphalt pavement were investigated. The results showed that the incorporation of microcapsules has almost no effect on the elastic constants of the asphalt mixture. The core could be simplified as an approximately incompressible solid with the elastic constants determined by the proposed mesoscopic mechanical model. With the increase of the modulus of the capsule wall, the mean maximum tensile stress of the capsule wall increased from 0.372 MPa to 0.465 MPa, while with the decrease of the relative radius of the capsule core, the mean maximum tensile stress of the capsule wall increased from 0.349 MPa to 0.461 MPa. The change in the mean maximum tensile stress of the capsule wall caused by the change of capsule diameter was within 5%. The relative radius of the capsule core and the elastic modulus of capsule wall were two key parameters in capsule design. Besides, the microcapsules with the wall made of resin would not crack under the vehicle load before microcracks occurred in asphalt pavement.