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van der Waals (vdW) materials exhibit great potential in spintronics, arising from their excellent spin transportation, large spin–orbit coupling, and high‐quality interfaces. The recent discovery of intrinsic vdW antiferromagnets and ferromagnets has laid the foundation for the construction of all‐vdW spintronic devices, and enables the study of low‐dimensional magnetism, which is of both technical and scientific significance. In this review, several representative families of vdW magnets are introduced, followed by a comprehensive summary of the methods utilized in reading out the magnetic states of vdW magnets. Thereafter, it is shown that various electrical, mechanical, and chemical approaches are employed to modulate the magnetism of vdW magnets. Finally, the perspective of vdW magnets in spintronics is discussed and an outlook of future development direction in this field is also proposed. van der Waals (vdW) magnets are very important in the fields of low‐dimensional physics and spintronics. A thorough summary of the latest advances in this area is provided, including the material families, various methods used in the detection and modulation of their magnetism, their potential applications in spintronics, and the opportunities and challenges in the future.

This study evaluates the feasibility of two thermal pretreatments including hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and low temperature pyrolysis (LTP) on the production of Eucommia ulmoides biochar. The waste wood of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver was pretreated and characterized for fuel applications. The results confirm that both LTP and HTC are promising processes for improving fuel properties. However, for the same char yield, the required temperature for HTC is lower than LTP, as the char yields of H 200 and L 300 were quite close (66.50% vs. 66.74%). The surface morphology is significantly different between the pyrolytic carbon and the hydrochar. In addition, it was found that the H/C and O/C ratios of H 300 were 0.82 and 0.21, respectively, and the H/C and O/C ratios of L 340 were 0.77 and 0.22, respectively. They were similar to that of sub-bituminous. Moreover, under the same reaction temperature, hydrochar showed better grindability, hydrophobicity, and reduction in inorganic content. Comparing the integrated combustion characteristic index ( S ), LTP process had the better performance within the lower temperature under 220 °C while HTC process performed better at temperature higher than 300 °C. The results reveal that HTC has the potential to produce solid carbonized products with better fuel quality.

To address the issue of suboptimal spectral purity in Direct Digital Frequency Synthesis (DDFS) within resource-constrained environments, this paper proposes an optimized DDFS technique based on cubic Hermite interpolation. Initially, a DDFS hardware architecture is implemented on a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA); subsequently, essential interpolation parameters are extracted by combining the derivative relations of sine and cosine functions with a dual-port Read-Only Memory (ROM) structure using the cubic Hermite interpolation method to reconstruct high-fidelity target waveforms. This approach effectively mitigates spurious issues caused by amplitude quantization during the DDFS digitalization process while reducing data node storage units. Moreover, this paper introduces single-quadrant ROM compression technology to further diminish the required storage space. Experimental results indicate that, compared to traditional DDFS methods, the optimization scheme proposed in this work achieves a ROM resource compression ratio of 1792:1 and a 14-bit output Spurious-Free Dynamic Range (SFDR) of −88.134 dBc, effectively enhancing amplitude quantization precision and significantly lowering spurious levels. This significantly improves amplitude quantization precision and reduces spurious levels. The proposed scheme demonstrates notable advantages in both spectral performance and resource utilization efficiency, making it highly suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems and high-performance applications such as radar and communication systems.

This study systematically investigates the gas-tightness evolution of three threaded casing connections (511 straight-thread, TPG2, and BGT2) under extreme downhole temperature–pressure conditions through multi-cycle experiments. A novel cyclic testing protocol was developed to simulate three critical scenarios: 50 °C/21 MPa (low-temperature high-pressure), 350 °C/21 MPa (high temperature and high pressure), and 450 °C/7 MPa (high temperature and low pressure). Quantitative leakage analysis using the ideal gas law revealed significant performance divergence: TPG2 demonstrated superior stability with leakage rates of 0.61% (350 °C/21 MPa) and 0.39% (450 °C/7 MPa), attributed to its barb-type threads and multi-stage sealing design. In contrast, conventional 511 connections showed 2.54% leakage under high-temperature, high-pressure conditions, while domestic BGT2 exhibited intermediate performance (2.46% at 350 °C/21 MPa). The results establish temperature–pressure synergy as the dominant degradation factor, with combined 350 °C/21 MPa conditions causing 300–400% higher leakage than individual extremes. These findings provide critical empirical evidence for optimizing premium connection designs in complex reservoirs, particularly for thermal recovery and ultra-deep applications where sealing integrity determines operational safety and efficiency.

Walnut ( Juglans regia ), a globally significant nut-bearing tree species, holds paramount economic and ecological importance. However, it is susceptible to abiotic stress, especially low-temperature stress. Cytokinin (CTK), a central phytohormone orchestrating plant growth, developmental plasticity, and stress resilience. As the rate-limiting enzyme in CTK biosynthesis, isopentenyltransferase (IPT) mediates adaptive responses to environmental challenges. In this study, eight IPT family members were identified from the walnut genome, with phylogenetic analysis classifying them into two evolutionary clades. Notably, JrIPT1 , belonging to the ATP/ADP-IPT subclass, exhibited broad tissue-specific expression and a marked response to cold treatment. Functional characterization revealed that JrIPT1 -overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis displayed an early flowering phenotype accompanied by significantly upregulated expression of CTK signaling pathway-related flowering genes. Further analysis demonstrated that JrIPT1 overexpression promoted CTK accumulation in both transgenic Arabidopsis and walnut plants, leading to substantially enhanced survival rates, photosystem activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity under cold stress. Conversely, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS)-mediated suppression of endogenous JrIPT1 in walnut reduced CTK levels and increased cold sensitivity. Mechanistic insights revealed that the cold-induced ERF transcription factor JrERF113 directly binds to the GCC-box motif in the JrIPT1 promoter and then activates its transcription, also endows walnuts with cold resistance. This study establishes a ‘ JrERF113 - JrIPT1 ’ regulatory module that enhances walnut cold tolerance by boosting CTK biosynthesis. The elucidated CTK metabolic regulatory network not only advances the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying plant cold adaptation but also provides potential genetic targets and theoretical foundations for breeding cold-resistant walnut varieties.

User Identity Linkage (UIL) has emerged as a focal point of research in the field of network analysis and plays a critical role in the governance of cyberspace; related technologies can also be extended for applications in traffic safety and traffic management. The traditional random walk-based UIL method has achieved a balance between performance and interpretability, but it still faces several challenges, such as low discriminability of nodes, instability of feature extraction, and missing features in matching scenarios. To address these challenges, this paper presents Adap-UIL, a multi-feature UIL framework based on an Adaptive Graph Walk. First, we design and implement an Adaptive Graph Walk method based on the Restarted Affinity Coefficient (RAC), which enhances both the neighborhood and higher-order features of nodes, and then we integrate cross-network features to form Adap-UIL with a more enriched node representation, facilitating user identity linkage. Experimental results on real datasets show that the Adap-UIL model outperforms the benchmark models, especially in the P@5 and P@10 metrics by 5 percentage points, and it captures key features more efficiently and effectively.

The exchange bias effect is extremely expected in 2D van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnetic (FM)/antiferromagnetic (AFM) heterostructures due to the high‐quality interface. CrOCl possesses strong magnetic anisotropy at 2D limit, and is an ideal antiferromagnet for constructing FM/AFM heterostructures to explore the exchange bias effect. Here, the exchange bias effect in Fe3GeTe2 (FGT)/CrOCl heterostructures through both anomalous Hall effect (AHE) and reflective magnetic circular dichroism (RMCD) measurements is studied. In the AHE measurements, the exchange bias field (HEB) at 3 K exhibits a distinct increase from ≈150 Oe to ≈450 Oe after air exposure, and such variation is attributed to the formation of an oxidized layer in FGT by analyzing the cross‐sectional microstructure. The HEB is successfully tuned by changing the FGT/CrOCl thickness and the cooling field. Furthermore, a larger HEB of ≈750 Oe at 1.7 K in FGT/CrOCl heterostructure through RMCD measurements is observed, and it is proposed that the larger HEB in RMCD measurements is related to the distribution of uncompensated spins at the interface. This work reveals several intriguing phenomena of the exchange bias effect in 2D vdW magnetic systems, which paves the way for the study of related spintronic devices. The exchange bias effect in ferro‐/antiferromagnetic Fe3GeTe2 (FGT)/CrOCl heterostructure is thoroughly studied through anomalous Hall effect and reflective magnetic circular dichroism (RMCD) measurements. The bias field (HEB) reveals anomaly increase with the presence of an oxidized layer in FGT. The larger HEB in the RMCD measurements can be related to the distribution of uncompensated spins.

In order to solve the problem of insufficient end positioning accuracy due to factors such as gravity and material strength during the inverse solution process of a large hydraulic robotic arm, this paper proposes an inverse solution algorithm based on an adaptive spider wasp optimization (ASWO) optimized back propagation (BP) neural network. Firstly, the adaptability of the SWO algorithm is enhanced by analyzing the phase change in population fitness and dynamically adjusting the trade-off rate, crossover rate, and population size in real time. Then, the ASWO algorithm is used to optimize the initial weights and biases of the BP neural network, effectively addressing the problem of the BP neural network falling into local optima. Finally, a neural network mapping relationship between the actual position of the robotic arm’s end-effector and the corresponding joint values is established to reduce the influence of forward kinematic errors on the accuracy of the inverse solution. Experimental results show that the average positioning error of the robotic arm in the XYZ direction is reduced from (91.3, 87.38, 117.31) mm to (18.16, 24.67, 27.21) mm, significantly improving positioning accuracy by 80.11%, 71.78%, and 76.81%, meeting project requirements.

In order to solve the problem of the low end positioning accuracy of large hydraulic rock drilling robotic arms due to machining error and the working environment, this paper proposes an end positioning error compensation method based on an Improved Secretary Bird Optimization Algorithm (ISBOA) optimized Back Propagation (BP) neural network. Firstly, the good point set strategy is used to initialize the secretary bird population position to make the initial population distribution more uniform and accelerate the convergence speed of the algorithm. Then, the ISBOA is used to optimize the initial weights and biases of the BP neural network, which effectively overcomes the defect of the BP neural network falling into a local optimum. Finally, by establishing the mapping relationship between the joint value of the robot arm and the end positioning error, the error compensation is realized to improve the positioning accuracy of the rock drilling robot arm. The experimental results show that the average positioning error of the rock drilling robotic arm is reduced from 187.972 mm to 28.317 mm, and the positioning accuracy is improved by 84.94%, which meets the engineering requirements.

The Taklamakan Desert and the Gobi Desert in East Asia constitute the second-largest sources of dust in the world. In particular, dust originating from the Gobi Desert is more susceptible to long-range transport, with consequent impacts in downwind Asian countries and the Northwest Pacific region. Two intensive dust events (the 3·15 dust event and the 3·28 dust event) were experienced in North China in March 2021. The 3·15 dust process was rated as the most intensive dust process in China in the past 10 years. In this study, by using a combination of spaceborne remote sensing datasets from geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites, ground-based columnar observations of aerosol optical parameters, meteorological reanalysis data, and backward trajectory simulations of air masses, the transport pathways and the three-dimensional structure characteristics of dust aerosols during the transport of the two dust events in March 2021 were cross-validated. The results of the study indicated that the two dust events were induced by the Mongolian cyclone. Due to the different configurations of the ground meteorological system conditions, a backflow process occurred during the 3·15 dust event transmission process. After passing over North China and the Bohai Sea, the direction of transport of the dust plume was reversed. The wind deflected from northwest to northeast, and the dust reached the eastern coastal areas of China and was finally deposited on land. The 3·28 dust event exhibited aerosol stratification in the transport path, the higher pure dust layer reached up to 9 km height, and the lower layer underwent aerosol mixing and became a polluted dust aerosol. This study implies that the investigation of dust aerosol transport and the deposition processes, the impact on the ocean, and the impact of marine aerosols on land also needs to be taken into consideration; the integration of advanced satellites and ground-based remote sensing data, the meteorological reanalysis data and the backward trajectories simulation, which complemented and verified each other, can enhance the ability to delineate the transport pathways and the three-dimensional structural characteristics of dust events.