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Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an innovative class of crystalline porous polymers composed of light elements such as C, N, O, etc., linked by covalent bonds. The distinctive properties of COFs, including designable building blocks, large specific surface area, tunable pore size, abundant active sites, and remarkable stability, have led their widespread applications in electrocatalysis. In recent years, COF‐based electrocatalysts have made remarkable progress in various electrocatalytic fields, including the hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, nitrogen reduction reaction, nitrate reduction reaction, and carbon dioxide reduction reaction. This review begins with an introduction to the design and synthesis strategies employed for COF‐based electrocatalysts. These strategies include heteroatom doping, metalation of COF and building monomers, encapsulation of active sites within COF pores, and the development of COF‐based derived materials. Subsequently, a systematic overview of the recent advancements in the application of COF‐based catalysts in electrocatalysis is presented. Finally, the review discusses the main challenges and outlines possible avenues for the future development of COF‐based electrocatalysts. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a category of crystalline porous polymers widely used in the field of electrocatalysis. Their designable structure, substantial specific surface area, abundant active sites and remarkable stability contribute to their widespread application. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the strategies underlying COF‐based electrocatalysts, examines their recent applications, and outlines future prospects in this burgeoning field.

Background Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is one of the most lethal urological malignancies, but the pathogenesis and prognosis of ccRCC remain obscure, which need to be better understand. Methods Differentially expressed genes were identified and function enrichment analyses were performed using three publicly available ccRCC gene expression profiles downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The protein-protein interaction and the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks were visualized by Cytoscape. Multivariate Cox analysis was used to predict an optimal risk mode, and the survival analysis was performed with the Kaplan-Meier curve and log-rank test. Protein expression data were downloaded from Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium database and Human Protein Atlas database, and the clinical information as well as the corresponding lncRNA and miRNA expression data were obtained via The Cancer Genome Atlas database. The co-expressed genes and potential function of candidate genes were explored using data exacted from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia database. Results Of the 1044 differentially expressed genes shared across the three datasets, 461 were upregulated, and 583 were downregulated, which significantly enriched in multiple immunoregulatory-related biological process and tumor-associated pathways, such as HIF-1, PI3K-AKT, P53 and Rap1 signaling pathways. In the most significant module, 36 hub genes were identified and were predominantly enriched in inflammatory response and immune and biotic stimulus pathways. Survival analysis and validation of the hub genes at the mRNA and protein expression levels suggested that these genes, particularly complement component 3 (C3) and fibronectin 1 (FN1), were primarily responsible for ccRCC tumorigenesis and progression. Increased expression of C3 or FN1 was also associated with advanced clinical stage, high pathological grade, and poor survival in patients with ccRCC. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis qualified the expression levels of the two genes as candidate biomarkers for predicting poor survival. FN1 was potentially regulated by miR-429, miR-216b and miR-217, and constructed a bridge to C3 and C3AR1 in the ceRNA network, indicating a critical position of FN1. Conclusions The biomarkers C3 and FN1 could provide theoretical support for the development of a novel prognostic tool to advance ccRCC diagnosis and targeted therapy.

We have developed a lightweight tool, RapidGBM, featuring a web-based interface and capabilities of rapid calculation of Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) visibilities and performance of basic data analysis. It has two key features: (1) it can immediately check the visibility of Fermi-GBM for new transients, and (2) it can check the light curve and perform spectral analysis after the hourly Time-Tagged Event data are released. The visibility check and the response matrix generation required for spectral analysis can be achieved through the historical pointing file after the orbit calculation, even when the real-time pointing file is not yet available. As a case study, we apply the tool to EP240617a, an X-ray transient triggered by Einstein Probe (EP). We demonstrate the workflow of visibility checking, data processing, and spectral analysis for this event. The results suggest that EP240617a can be classified as an X-ray-rich gamma-ray burst and confirm the feasibility of using historical pointing files for rapid analysis. Further, we discuss possible physical interpretations of such events, including implications for jet launching and progenitor scenarios. Therefore, RapidGBM is expected to assist EP transient advocates, Space-based multiband astronomical Variable Objects Monitor burst advocates, and other members of the community in cross checking high-energy transients. Based on prompt emission parameter relations (e.g., Ep–Eγ,iso), it can also help identify peculiar GRBs (e.g., long-short burst, magnetar giant flare, etc.) and provide useful references (e.g., more accurate T0) for scheduling follow-up observations.

Background Solanum nigrum L. decoction has been used as a folklore medicine in China to prevent the postoperative recurrence of bladder cancer (BC). However, there are no previous pharmacological studies on the protective mechanisms of this activity of the plant. Thus, this study aimed to perform a systematic analysis and to predict the potential action mechanisms underlying S. nigrum activity in BC based on network pharmacology. Methods Based on network pharmacology, the active ingredients of S. nigrum and the corresponding targets were identified using the Traditional Chinese Medicines for Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform database, and BC-related genes were screened using GeneCards and the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database. In addition, ingredient-target (I–T) and protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed using STRING and Cytoscape, Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were conducted, and then the pathways directly related to BC were integrated manually to reveal the pharmacological mechanism underlying S. nigrum -medicated therapeutic effects in BC. Results Seven active herbal ingredients from 39 components of S. nigrum were identified, which shared 77 common target genes related to BC. I-T network analysis revealed that quercetin was associated with all targets and that NCOA2 was targeted by four ingredients. Besides, interleukin 6 had the highest degree value in the PPI network, indicating a hub role. A subsequent gene enrichment analysis yielded 86 significant GO terms and 89 significant pathways, implying that S. nigrum had therapeutic benefits in BC through multi-pathway effects, including the HIF-1, TNF, P53, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, apoptosis and bladder cancer pathway. Conclusions S. nigrum may mediate pharmacological effects in BC through multi-target and various signaling pathways. Further validation is required experimentally. Network pharmacology approach provides a predicative novel strategy to reveal the holistic mechanism of action of herbs.

Background Ureteral intussusception, a rarely reported unique condition, occurs primarily as a complication of ureteric tumours. Case presentation We present a case of ureteral intussusception accompanied with a large ureteral polyp periodically protruding into the bladder cavity occurring in a 56-year-old man who experienced vague flank pain and intermittent haematuria. The patient was successfully treated by ureteroscopic cauterization combined with partial ureterectomy with reanastomosis. Conclusions This is the first report that describes polyp-related ureteral intussusception using comprehensive and representative ureteroscopic images and video. Our findings suggest that ureteroscopy is vital for diagnosis. Extensive biopsies through ureteroscopy are less invasive, and make it easier to exclude the presence of ureteral malignancies. Ureteroscopic resection of the whole polyp with its stalk and intussusceptum using Holmium: YAG laser did not seem viable in this case. However, cauterization of partial polyp tissues followed by open surgery for segmental resection of the ureter with reanastomosis is helpful in controlling such patient well-being.

Background Although previous observational studies have highlighted a possible association between the gut microbiota (GM) and head and neck cancer (HNC), the causal relationships remain unclear, particularly regarding the role of plasma proteins as potential mediators. Clarifying these connections is essential for uncovering the underlying mechanisms of HNC progression and may lead to new therapeutic strategies. Materials and methods First, we examined the causal link between the GM and HNC via a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. We then investigated the causative relationships between plasma proteins and HNC via the same two-sample MR technique. The coefficient product approach was then used to clarify the role of plasma proteins in the causative pathway between the GM and HNC. Finally, sensitivity investigations were performed to assess the robustness and coherence of the results. Results MR analyses revealed the protective effects of one family and six genera on HNC (Lachnospiraceae, Parabacteroides, Phascolarctobacterium, Alistipes, Sutterella, Roseburia and Alloprevotella). In contrast, three genera (Ruminococcus, Prevotella and Bacteroides) were significantly positively associated with HNC risk. Through further examination, researchers discovered 18 plasma proteins that have a causal relationship with HNC. Notably, the mediation MR illustrated that the causal protective effect of OTU97_86 (Phascolarctobacterium) on HNC (total effect IVW: OR = 0.879, 95% = 0.810–0.954, p  = 0.002) was mediated by Proteasome subunit alpha type-1 (PSMA1) (− 0.020, 95% CI = − 0.039 ~ − 0.001, p  = 0.036), accounting for 15.25% of the total effect. Similarly, the causal effect of OTU99_35 (Ruminococcus) on HNC risk (total effect IVW: OR = 1.109, 95% CI = 1.027–1.198, p  = 0.008) was mediated by the protein FAM107B (0.015, 95% CI = 0.001–0.029, p  = 0.031), accounting for 14.69% of the total effect. Conclusion MR and mediation analysis revealed that specific GMs influence HNC risk through plasma proteins: Phascolarctobacterium protects against HNC via PSMA1, whereas Ruminococcus increases HNC risk through FAM107B. These pathways suggest that Phascolarctobacterium is a potential preventative factor and that Ruminococcus is a risk factor. This highlights the possibility of using specific GM and plasma proteins as biomarkers or therapeutic targets for HNC prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

The present study explored the effects of disodium cantharidinate (DC) on the peripheral blood-derived dendritic cells of patients with bladder carcinoma. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the 15 cases of urinary bladder carcinoma of middle and advanced stage were separated, and dendritic cells were prepared. The morphological changes of dendritic cells were observed. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression levels of CD1a and CD83 on dendritic cell surface. MTT assay was utilized to measure the proliferation ability of allogeneic lymphocyte stimulated by DC. Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) double staining flow cytometry method was carried out to detect cell apoptosis after treatment with DC. The changes in caspase-3 and PARP expression levels were investigated by western blot method. The high-dose DC resulted in a significant increase in the expressions of dendritic cell phenotyptic molecules CDla and CD83 as compared to control group. In addition, the proliferation index of allogenic lymphocyte stimulated by DC was significantly higher than that of control group. Moreover, MTT assay showed significant inhibition of the growth of BIU-87 cells. After 24 h of DC treatment, double staining flow cytometry confirmed the ability of DC to induce cell apoptosis. Further, western blot method showed a significant elevation of caspase-3 and PARP protein expression after DC treatment. In conclusion, DC treatment could induce dendritic cell maturation of patient with carcinoma of urinary bladder and promote its functional changes. Furthermore, DC was able to inhibit the proliferation of cell BIU-87 and also has the ability to induce cell apoptosis.

To develop a transurethral endoscopy technique of the transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy to examine and treat seminal vesicle disease. A total of 61 patients with seminal vesicle disease were diagnosed and treated with the transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy through the distal seminal tracts and vesicles. 58 cases were successfully treated using transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy via the seminal vesicles. The operation took 25 ~ 85 min, with an average of (35.6) mins. In this group, seven cases were diagnosed as ejaculatory orifice cyst, 14 cases had blood clots in the seminal vesicles, and nine patients had stones in the seminal vesicles. All patients were treated properly. Follow-up occurred at 3 months, with two cases showing post-operative discomfort in perineal region. One patient had recurrence with seminal vesiculitis, which improved with treatment. Four infertile patients had a significant increase in sperm count and ejaculation volume and two of these patients were able to naturally inseminate within seven to 18 months post-surgery. This approach enables a new endoscopic technique with the transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy to diagnose and treat seminal vesicle disease through the normal anatomic pathway which can be easily performed with few post-operative complications.

In this paper,a definition of entropy for Z＋k（k≥2）-actions due to Friedland is studied.Unlike the traditional definition,it may take a nonzero value for actions whose generators have finite（even zero） entropy as single transformations.Some basic properties are investigated and its value for the Z＋k-actions on circles generated by expanding endomorphisms is given.Moreover,an upper bound of this entropy for the Z＋k-actions on tori generated by expanding endomorphisms is obtained via the preimage entropies,which are entropy-like invariants depending on the ＂inverse orbits＂ structure of the system.

In this paper, we study unstable topological pressure for C 1 -smooth partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms with sub-additive potentials. Moreover, without any additional assumption, we have established the expected variational principle which connects this unstable topological pressure and the unstable measure theoretic entropy, as well as the corresponding Lyapunov exponent .