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ObjectiveThis modelling study aimed to estimate the burden for allergic diseases in children during a period of 30 years.DesignPopulation-based observational study.Main outcomes and measuresThe data on the incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for childhood allergic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and asthma, were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 online database. This data set spans various groups, including different regions, ages, genders and Socio-Demographic Indices (SDI), covering the period from 1990 to 2019.ResultsIn 2019, there were approximately 81 million children with asthma and 5.6 million children with AD worldwide. The global incidence of asthma in children was 20 million. Age-standardised incidence rates showed a decrease of 4.17% for asthma, from 1075.14 (95% uncertainty intervals (UI), 724.63 to 1504.93) per 100 000 population in 1990 to 1030.33 (95% UI, 683.66 to 1449.53) in 2019. Similarly, the rates for AD decreased by 5.46%, from 594.05 (95% UI, 547.98 to 642.88) per 100 000 population in 1990 to 561.61 (95% UI, 519.03 to 608.29) in 2019. The incidence of both asthma and AD was highest in children under 5 years of age, gradually decreasing with age. Interestingly, an increase in SDI was associated with a rise in the incidence of both conditions. However, the mortality rate and DALYs for asthma showed a contrasting trend.ConclusionsOver the past three decades, there has been a worldwide increase in new asthma and AD cases, even though mortality rates have significantly declined. However, the prevalence of these allergic diseases among children varies considerably across regions, countries and age groups. This variation highlights the need for precise prevalence assessments. These assessments are vital in formulating effective strategies for prevention and treatment.

Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent chronic neurological disorders worldwide, affecting approximately 70 million people globally and imposing substantial burdens on patients, families, and healthcare systems. Its multifaceted treatment landscape spanning antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy, epilepsy surgery, ketogenic dietary therapy, and neuromodulation makes accurate health information critical for patient decision-making and treatment adherence. Short-video platforms such as TikTok (Douyin) and Bilibili have emerged as primary channels through which the public accesses health-related content, yet the quality and reliability of epilepsy-related content on these platforms remain largely unexamined. A cross-sectional content analysis was conducted. We systematically retrieved videos via keyword search on TikTok (Douyin) and Bilibili, using the terms “dianxian” (epilepsy) and “jingfeng” (seizure/convulsion). For each platform, we collected the top 100 unique videos ranked by the platform’s default relevance algorithm, with duplicate results from the two search terms removed. After applying pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria, 182 videos were included in the final analysis. Two physicians independently assessed the videos using a multi-instrument framework with clear applicable boundaries: Global Quality Score (GQS, for overall educational quality across all content types), modified DISCERN (mDISCERN, exclusively for treatment information reliability), JAMA benchmark criteria (for source transparency, not direct clinical accuracy), and a novel Treatment Misinformation Risk Scale (TMRS, specifically for epilepsy treatment-related content). Inter-rater reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Engagement metrics and uploader characteristics were also recorded, with sensitivity analyses performed to control for confounding from uneven content theme distribution between platforms. A total of 182 videos were analyzed (96 from TikTok, 86 from Bilibili). The overall educational quality was suboptimal (mean GQS: 2.65 ± 0.93; mDISCERN: 2.12 ± 0.89 for treatment-containing videos). Bilibili videos demonstrated significantly higher performance across all instruments: overall educational quality (GQS: 3.11 ± 0.87 vs. 2.24 ± 0.84, P  < 0.001), treatment information reliability (mDISCERN: 2.56 ± 0.81 vs. 1.74 ± 0.76, P  < 0.001), and source transparency (JAMA: 2.18 ± 0.72 vs. 1.42 ± 0.68, P  < 0.001). The mean normalized TMRS score was 1.15 ± 0.62, with TikTok showing significantly higher treatment misinformation risk (1.41 ± 0.54) than Bilibili (0.86 ± 0.53, P  < 0.001). TMRS scores were positively correlated with likes (rho = 0.46, P  < 0.001), shares (rho = 0.43, P  < 0.001), and comments (rho = 0.39, P  < 0.001), while quality scores showed no significant correlation with engagement. Sensitivity analyses confirmed that the observed platform differences were not confounded by differences in content theme distribution. Epilepsy-related content on China’s major short-video platforms is of concerningly poor quality, with treatment misinformation receiving disproportionately higher user engagement. These findings highlight the urgent need for collaborative efforts among neurologists, platform operators, and health authorities to improve the quality of epilepsy health information in the digital environment.

The current mechanism by which aging reduces salivary secretion is unknown. This study investigates the mechanism of aging‐related submandibular (SMG) dysfunction and evaluates the therapeutic potential of dental pulp stem cell‐derived exosomes (DPSC‐exos). We found that the stimulated salivary flow rate was significantly reduced in naturally aging and D‐galactose‐induced aging mice (D‐gal mice) compared to control mice. Acinar atrophy and periductal fibrosis in SMGs and parotid glands (PGs) were observed in naturally aging and D‐gal mice, whereas sublingual glands (SLGs) had no notable alterations. We observed the accumulation of senescent cells in the SMGs, along with a decrease in claudin‐3 (Cldn‐3) expression and alterations in the distribution of Cldn1 and Cldn3. Additionally, after D‐gal‐induced senescence of SMG‐C6 cells, there was a decrease in paracellular pathway permeability, reduced expression of Cldn3 and occludin, and changes in the distribution of Cldn1, 3, 4, and 7. Furthermore, injecting DPSC‐exos into the SMGs of D‐gal mice improved stimulated salivary flow rate, reduced acinar atrophy, and decreased SA‐β‐gal activity. Our study identified that increased senescence of SMGs in aging mice can cause a decrease in salivary secretion by disrupting the expression and distribution of tight junction molecules, and injection of DPSC‐exos ameliorates SMG secretory dysfunction. These findings may provide new clues to novel therapeutic targets for aging‐related dysfunction of SMGs. In aging mice, the submandibular gland, among the three major salivary glands (submandibular, parotid, and sublingual glands), shows a significant increase in senescent cells. This increase disrupts tight junction structures and is closely linked to aging‐related declines in salivary secretion. Treatment with dental pulp stem cell‐derived exosomes significantly reduces senescent cell numbers in the submandibular gland and mitigates aging‐induced salivary secretion dysfunction.

Dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), which reduces oxidized ascorbate, is important for maintaining an appropriate ascorbate redox state in plant cells. To date, genome-wide molecular characterization of DHARs has only been conducted in bryophytes (Physcomitrella patens) and eudicots (e.g. Arabidopsis thaliana). In this study, to gain a general understanding of the molecular properties and functional divergence of the DHARs in land plants, we further conducted a comprehensive analysis of DHARs from the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii, gymnosperm Picea abies and monocot Zea mays. DHARs were present as a small gene family in all of the land plants we examined, with gene numbers ranging from two to four. All the plants contained cytosolic and chloroplastic DHARs, indicating dehydroascorbate (DHA) can be directly reduced in the cytoplasm and chloroplast by DHARs in all the plants. A novel vacuolar DHAR was found in Z. mays, indicating DHA may also be reduced in the vacuole by DHARs in Z. mays. The DHARs within each species showed extensive functional divergence in their gene structures, subcellular localizations, and enzymatic characteristics. This study provides new insights into the molecular characteristics and functional divergence of DHARs in land plants.

Concrete core wall dams have emerged as a cost-effective alternative to the reconstruction of old dams. However, the flooding mechanism and flood line of these dams differ significantly from traditional earth and rockfill dams due to the concrete core wall functioning as reinforcement. This study presents model tests that simulate the overtopping failure of earth and rockfill dams with concrete core walls of various thicknesses. The hydrologic curve and two-dimensional evolution of the breach are analyzed, and mechanical analysis examines the relationship between core wall thickness and free face during core wall failure. Results indicate that the presence of the concrete core wall shifts the overtopping failure mode to the scour pit failure mode. The scour pit failure mode occurs when upstream water scours the downstream core wall to form scour holes and free faces. Continuous scouring increases the depth of the free face, ultimately causing the moment between the two sides of the core wall to exceed the bending moment of the core wall, resulting in fracture. The study provides a theoretical basis for the design of core walls for this new type of dam.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common cause of erectile dysfunction (ED). It has been demonstrated that G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) overexpression contributes to diabetic endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress, which also underlies ED in T2DM. We hypothesized that GRK2 overexpressed and attenuated endothelial function of the cavernosal tissue in a rat model of T2DM. T2DM rats were established by feeding with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 2 weeks and then administering two intraperitoneal (IP) injections of a low dose of streptozotocin (STZ), followed by continuous feeding with a HFD for 6 weeks. GRK2 was inhibited by IP injection of paroxetine, a selective GRK2 inhibitor, after STZ injection. Insulin challenge tests, intracavernous pressure (ICP), GRK2 expression, the protein kinase B (Akt)/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase subunit gp91phox, nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and apoptosis in cavernosal tissue were examined. Less response to insulin injection was observed in T2DM rats 2 weeks after HFD. Markedly increased GRK2 expression, along with impaired Akt/eNOS pathway, reduced NO production, increased gp91phox expression and ROS generation, increased apoptosis and impaired erectile function were found in T2DM rats. Inhibition of GRK2 with paroxetine ameliorated Akt/eNOS signaling, restored NO production, downregulated NADPH oxidase, subsequently inhibited ROS generation and apoptosis, and ultimately preserved erectile function. These results indicated that GRK2 upregulation may be an important mechanism underlying T2DM ED, and GRK2 inhibition may be a potential therapeutic strategy for T2DM ED.

Landslide dam breaching, primarily driven by overtopping erosion, can trigger catastrophic outburst floods, posing significant risks to downstream areas. Understanding the erosion mechanisms underlying dam failure is crucial for improving flood risk assessment and disaster management. This study conducted nine flume experiments on landslide dam failure, systematically varying four key factors: median particle size ( D 50 ), uniformity coefficient ( C u ), fine particle content ( F f ), and coarse particle content ( F c ). Results indicate that the failure process consists of two distinct stages: headward erosion and overall erosion, with knickpoint migration serving as a key indicator. The breaching process and hydrographs are significantly influenced by D 50 , C u , and F c , whereas the impact of F f is relatively minor. Bed shear stress exhibits a strong correlation with erosion rates ( R 2  = 0.73), outperforming flow power and unit flow power. The critical shear stress model provides more accurate predictions, with critical shear stress ( τ c ) strongly correlated with C u ( R 2  = 0.975) and influenced by F c , while the coefficient of erodibility ( K d ) is primarily determined by F f with minimal impact from C u ( R 2  = 0.005). Experimental observations further identify two distinct breach morphology evolution modes: uniform and non-uniform surface erosion, governed by the interplay between flow shear stress and soil erosion resistance along the flow direction. Flow shear stress initially increases before decreasing, while apparent erosion resistance gradually rises due to increasing sediment concentration. This study enhances the understanding of how particle composition affects landslide dam breaching, offering a framework for improving predictive models and flood hazard mitigation strategies.

Post-landslide high slopes have always been at increased risk for rockfall disasters, posing a considerable threat to the slope toe area and making it very difficult to manage. In this paper, a comprehensive rockfall hazard assessment strategy based on high-resolution terrestrial laser scanning is proposed. A high-resolution digital terrain model was obtained based on terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and data processing. Combined with a three-dimensional (3D) probabilistic model, the movement of rock blocks is simulated, and the mechanical parameters for simulation are corrected by 3D back analysis. Finally, based on hierarchical analysis process (AHP) and raster calculation, a rockfall hazard map can be obtained. The method was applied to analyze rockfall hazards on the post-landslide rock slope in Ganluo County. It was found that the rockfall hazard of the post-landslide slope is a great threat to the personnel and equipment of the emergency rescue at the site, and its long-term rockfall risk is also a big hidden danger to the railway at the foot of the slope. The planned 3 m high and 1500 kJ energy capacity protection net has 87.22% interception efficiency, but it is difficult to stop the falling rocks with high speed or high bouncing height. According to the characteristics of rockfall hazards, recommendations for rockfall hazard mitigation measures are proposed, including two aspects of rockfall source area remediation and rockfall transport path blocking. The case of rockfall hazard assessment in Ganluo County provides new methods and ideas for the management of rockfall hazard on post-landslide rock slopes.

Landslide dam overtopping can lead to catastrophic flooding, making it critical to understand the factors affecting dam breaching processes. This study quantitatively analyzes the influence of lake geometry and upstream inflow on landslide dam breaching through a series of validated numerical experiments. Initially, we confirmed the geometric and Froude similarities of the numerical models, followed by an analysis of breach progression, hydrodynamic variations, and erosion under different lake configurations and inflow conditions. Results highlight that lake area and inflow rate significantly impact key breach parameters, including headward erosion duration, peak discharge time, and maximum discharge rate. Quantitative relationships were established, showing that increased lake area prolongs headward erosion, while higher inflows accelerate erosion and increase peak discharge. The proposed empirical model incorporates these factors to enhance flood risk prediction and emergency response. This study advances the understanding of landslide dam failures, providing crucial insights for improved hazard assessment and management.

On June 17, 2020, a sequential disaster event, including debris flows, dammed lakes and the reactivation of ancient landslides, occurred in Danba County, Southwest China. The debris flow, which was triggered by short-term heavy rainfall, caused damage to houses and casualties, eventually leading to the blockage of the main channel of the Xiaojinchuan River as well as the formation of a debris flow–dammed lake. The outburst flood induced by the breakage of the debris flow dam caused devastating damage to dozens of villages, towns, and national highway G350 downstream. Moreover, an ancient landslide located on the left bank was reactivated during the outburst flood and experienced a large degree of deformation for several months. According to this sequential disaster event, we conducted on-site surveys and monitoring using three-dimensional terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The development and dynamic evolution mechanism of the debris flow, dammed lake, and reactivated ancient landslide were illustrated based on the monitoring data. The results show that the erosion of outburst floods is the main cause of the deep and shallow sliding of the ancient landslide, and the presence of landslide deposits or unstable slopes near the debris flow dam sites is the key factor in the amplification and expansion of the disasters.