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The general consensus is that the vacuolar-type H + -translocating ATPase (V-ATPase) is critical for macroautophagy/autophagy. However, there is a fundamental conundrum because follicular lymphoma-associated mutations in the V-ATPase result in lysosomal/vacuolar deacidification but elevated autophagy activity under nutrient-replete conditions and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, working in yeast, we show that V-ATPase dysfunction activates a selective autophagy flux termed “V-ATPase-dependent autophagy “. By combining transcriptomic and proteomic profiling, along with genome-wide suppressor screening approaches, we found that V-ATPase-dependent autophagy is regulated through a unique mechanism distinct from classical nitrogen starvation-induced autophagy. Tryptophan metabolism negatively regulates V-ATPase-dependent autophagy via two parallel effectors. On the one hand, it activates ribosome biogenesis, thus repressing the translation of the transcription factor Gcn4/ATF4. On the other hand, tryptophan fuels NAD + de novo biosynthesis to inhibit autophagy. These results provide an explanation for the mutational activation of autophagy seen in follicular lymphoma patients. Here the authors show that mutations in V-ATPase genes in follicular lymphoma trigger V-ATPase-dependent autophagy. This process, linked to tryptophan metabolism and ribosome biogenesis, may help tumor cells thrive under stress conditions.

Curcumin (Cur), quercetin (Que), and piperine (Pip) are well-known plant-derived compounds with diverse pharmacological activities and health benefits. However, their clinical application is limited due to hydrophobicity and poor bioavailability. Polylactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles(PLGA NPs) provide efficient drug loading and sustained release, making them an ideal platform for controlled drug delivery. Cur, Que, and Pip co-loaded PLGA NPs (Cur-Que-Pip-PLGA NPs) were prepared using the emulsification-solvent evaporation method. Their physicochemical properties were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS),and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Biocompatibility was assessed through the CCK-8 cytotoxicity assay and Calcein AM/PI cell viability staining. Antimicrobial activity was investigated via the agar diffusion method. The average particle size of Cur-Que-Pip-PLGA NPs was 210.6 ± 0.22 nm, with a zeta potential of -8.57 ± 1.16 mV and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.186 ± 0.010. The encapsulation efficiencies of Cur, Que, and Pip were 97.1%, 95.5%, and 45.5%, respectively. The NPs were spherical with smooth surfaces. In vitro studies revealed that the cumulative release of Cur-Que-Pip-PLGA NPs in PBS after 96 h of sustained release was 26.9%, 57.5%, and 98%, respectively. In contrast, the cumulative release of free Cur, Que, and Pip after only 8 h of sustained release reached 92.1%, 94.8%, and 96.6%, respectively. This comparison highlights the significant slow-release effect of PLGA NPs. The NPs exhibited excellent stability at 25 ± 3°C for 14 days. The results of the CCK-8 cytotoxicity assay and Calcein AM/PI cell death staining indicated that Cur-Que-Pip-PLGA NPs exhibited good biocompatibility with RAW264.7, BMSC, and MC3T3 cells, with no significant cytotoxic effects. Agar diffusion method confirmed its good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Cur-Que-Pip-PLGA NPs demonstrate excellent biocompatibility, controlled release, and antimicrobial properties, suggesting potential for improving the therapeutic performance of hydrophobic compounds.

In this paper, the green synthesis of isoeugenol methyl ether (IEME) from eugenol by O-methylation and isomerization is completed using a one-step green process. In the methylation reaction, dimethyl carbonate (DMC) was used as a green chemistry reagent instead of the traditional harmful methylation reagents, in accordance with the current concept of green chemistry. The phase transfer catalyst (PTC) polyethylene glycol 800 (PEG-800) was introduced into the isomerization reaction to break the barrier of difficult contact between solid and liquid phases and drastically reduce the reaction conditions by shortening the reaction time and reducing the alkalinity of the reaction system. The catalytic systems for the one-step green synthesis of IEME were screened, and it was shown that the catalytic system “K2CO3 + PEG-800” was the most effective. The effects of reaction temperature, n(DMC):n(eugenol) ratio, n(PEG-800):n(eugenol) ratio, and n(K2CO3):n(eugenol) ratio on eugenol conversion, IEME yield, and IEME selectivity were investigated. The results showed that the best reaction was achieved at a reaction temperature of 140 °C, a reaction time of 3 h, a DMC drip rate of 0.09 mL/min, and n(eugenol):n(DMC):n(K2CO3):n(PEG-800) = 1:3:0.09:0.08. As a result of the conversion of 93.1% of eugenol to IEME, a yield of 86.1% IEME as well as 91.6% IEME selectivity were obtained.

This systematic review and meta‐analysis is aimed to provide higher quality evidence regarding the efficacy and safety between PCVP and PVP/KP in OVCFs. We searched the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies (cohort or case–control studies) that compare PCVP to PVP/KP for OVCFs. The Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias Tool and Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) were used to evaluate the quality of the RCTs and non‐RCTs, respectively. Meta‐analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 software. A total of seven articles consisting of 562 patients with 593 diseased vertebral bodies were included. Statistically significant differences were found in the postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) at 1 day (MD = −0.11; 95% CI: [−0.21 to −0.01], p  = 0.03), but not at 3 months (MD = −0.21; 95% CI: [−0.41–0.00], p  = 0.05) or 6 months (MD = 0.03; 95% CI: [−0.13–0.20], p  = 0.70). There was no statistically significant difference in postoperative Oswestry disability index (ODI) at 1 day (MD = −0.28; 95% CI: [−0.62–0.05], p  = 0.10), 3 months (MD = −1.52; 95% CI: [−3.11–0.07], p  = 0.06), or 6 months (MD = 0.18; 95% CI: [−0.13–0.48], p  = 0.25). Additionally, there were no statistically significant differences in Cobb angle (MD = 0.30; 95% CI: [−1.69–2.30], p  = 0.77) or anterior vertebral body height (SMD = −0.01; 95% CI: [−0.26–0.23], p  = 0.92) after surgery. Statistically significant differences were found in surgical time (MD = −8.60; 95% CI: [−13.75 to −3.45], p  = 0.001), cement infusion volume (MD = −0.82; 95% CI: [−1.50 to −0.14], P  = 0.02), and dose of fluoroscopy (SMD = −1.22; 95% CI: [−1.84 to −0.60], p  = 0.0001) between curved and noncurved techniques, especially compared to bilateral PVP. Moreover, cement leakage showed statistically significant difference (OR = 0.40; 95% CI: [0.27–0.60], p  < 0.0001). Compared with PVP/KP, PCVP is superior for pain relief at short‐term follow‐up. Additionally, PCVP has the advantages of significantly lower surgical time, radiation exposure, bone cement infusion volume, and cement leakage incidence compared to bilateral PVP, while no statistically significant difference is found when compared with unilateral PVP or PKP. In terms of quality of life and radiologic outcomes, the effects of PCVP and PVP/KP are not significantly different. Overall, this meta‐analysis reveals that PCVP was an effective and safe therapy for patients with OVCFs.

Osteoporosis is a major health issue. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play multiple roles in regulating cell growth and development. High-throughput sequencing technology is widely used nowadays. To screen for and validate miRNAs associated with osteoporosis. Bone specimens from patients with (n = 3) and without (n = 3) osteoporosis were collected. High-throughput sequencing was used to screen for miRNAs that were then analyzed using volcano maps, Wayne maps, gene ontology (GO) analysis, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Confirmation of the miRNAs was done using qRT-PCR. The analysis of sequencing showed that there were 12 miRNAs that were down-regulated and five miRNAs that were upregulated in osteoporosis. GO and KEGG identified these miRNAs as being associated with bone metabolism. The qRT-PCR results showed that miR-140-5p, miR-127-3p, miR-199b-5p, miR-181a-5p, miR-181d-5p, and miR-542-3p exhibited a decrease of 2.27-, 3.00-, 3.48-, 2.67-, 2.41-, and 1.98-fold (all < 0.05) in osteoporosis compared to controls. Conversely, miR-486-3p and miR-486-5p demonstrated an increase of 2.17- and 3.89-fold ( < 0.05) (all < 0.05). This study utilized high-throughput sequencing to detect miRNAs that were expressed differently in individuals with osteoporosis. In osteoporosis, six miRNAs (miR-140-5p, miR-127-3p, miR-199b-5p, miR-181a-5p, miR-181d-5p, and miR-542) were found to have decreased expression, whereas two miRNAs (miR-486-3p and miR-486-5p) were found to have increased expression. The initial manifestation of various miRNAs might serve as predictive indicators and potentially anticipate the progression of osteoporosis.

We present a comprehensive analysis of the anomalous Goos–Hänchen (GH) displacement that occurs during the reflection of light beams at an interface between air and an anisotropic medium. This analysis also applies to the Imbert–Fedorov effect. Our study suggests that the anomalous GH displacement is primarily caused by polarization-dependent abnormal interference effects between the direct and cross-reflected light fields. Using the interface between air and a type II Weyl semimetal as an example, we provide a clear physical explanation for the relationship between spin-dependent abnormal interference effects and anomalous GH displacement. We demonstrate that spin-dependent constructive interference leads to a reduction in the GH displacement of the total reflected light field, while spin-dependent destructive interference results in an increase in the GH displacement of the total reflected light field.

To investigate the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics and changing trends of syphilis in Nantong city. Joinpoint regression model, spatial autocorrelation and SaTScan spatio-temporal scanning were used to analyze the trend of syphilis reported incidence and spatio-temporal distribution characteristics in Nantong City. From 2013 to 2022, the reported incidence of syphilis in Nantong City increased at an average annual rate of 6.60%, of which the increase rate of latent syphilis was 13.45%. The high-high clustering areas were mainly distributed in 15 streets of Chongchuan District and all streets of Nantong Development Zone. SaTScan spatio-temporal scanning detected a total of two clustering areas, all from 2021 to 2022. The first cluster includes 24 streets with a radius of 16.27 km, and the second cluster includes 18 streets within a radius of 34.90 km. The reported incidence of syphilis in Nantong City showed an increasing trend, mainly manifested as an increase in latent syphilis, and the reported incidence of syphilis in various towns (streets) showed obvious spatial clustering, and attention should be paid to key areas and targeted interventions should be formulated.

Investigations into rail corrugation within metro systems have traditionally focused on specific mechanisms, thereby limiting the generalizability of proposed theories. Understanding the commonalities in rail corrugation across diverse metro lines remains pivotal for elucidating its underlying mechanisms. The present study conducted extensive field surveys and tracking tests across 14 Chinese metro lines. By employing t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) for dimensional reduction and employing the unsupervised clustering algorithm DBSCAN, the research redefines the classification of metro rail corrugation based on characteristic information. The analysis encompassed spatial distribution and temporal evolution of this phenomenon. Findings revealed that floating slab tracks exhibited the highest proportion of rail corrugation at 47%. Notably, ordinary monolithic bed tracks employing damping fasteners were more prone to inducing rail corrugation. Corrugation primarily manifested in curve sections with radii between 300 and 500 m, featuring ordinary monolithic bed track and steel-spring floating slab track structures, with wavelengths typically between 30 and 120 mm. Stick–slip vibrations of the wheel–rail system maybe led to short-wavelength corrugations (40–60 mm), while longer wavelengths (200–300 mm) exhibited distinct fatigue damage characteristics, mainly observed in steel-spring floating slab tracks and small-radius curve sections of ordinary monolithic bed tracks and ladder sleeper tracks. A classification system comprising 57 correlated features categorized metro rail corrugation into four distinct types. These research outcomes serve as critical benchmarks for validating various theories pertaining to rail corrugation formation.

Purpose This study aimed to systematically compare the efficacy and safety of arthroscopic wafer procedure (AWP) versus ulnar shortening osteotomy (USO) for ulnar impaction syndrome (UIS) treatment. Methods All the studies included in this meta-analysis compared the efficacy of AWP to USO for UIS and were acquired through a comprehensive search across multiple databases. The meta-analysis was performed by calculating the effect sizes with the Cochrane Collaboration’s RevMan 5.4 software. Results A total of 8 articles were included in this analysis, comprising 148 cases in the AWP group and 163 cases in the USO group. The pooled estimates indicated no significant differences in combined Darrow’s Criteria or Modified Mayo Wrist Score, Modified Mayo Wrist Score, DASH scores, grip strength, VAS score, and postoperative ulnar variation. On the other hand, the patients in the AWP group exhibited fewer complications (OR = 0.17, 95%CI 0.05–0.54, P = 0.003) and a lower reoperation rate (OR = 0.12, 95%CI 0.05–0.28, P < 0.00001) than those in the USO group. Conclusions The two surgical techniques were both effective in treating UIS but the AWP group showed fewer complications and a lower reoperation rate. Therefore, AWP may present a superior alternative for UIS treatment.

Virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a powerful tool for transient gene functional analysis in plants, especially for monocot species (e.g., grasses) that are recalcitrant to transformation. Despite various VIGS systems that have been developed in different plant species, none was previously available for the bioenergy crop Miscanthus. Here, we report the establishment of an efficient and robust VIGS system mediated by Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) in Miscanthus. We first investigated the impact of various factors that may affect gene silencing efficiency using the Miscanthus sinensis Phytoene Desaturase (MsPDS) gene as a visual indicator of photobleaching. Then, we optimized the TRV‐elicited VIGS procedure using an orthogonal experimental design with four factors (sprout size, Agrobacterium concentration, vacuum infiltration time, and co‐incubation time) each at three levels. The following led to the highest silencing efficiency (~76%): inoculation of germinating seedlings (1.0–2.0 mm), Agrobacterium tumefaciens culture grown to optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 0.4, vacuum infiltration for 90 min, and co‐incubation for 5 h. The VIGS system established was applicable for both M. sinensis and M. lutarioriparius, with comparable gene silencing efficiency. We verified the efficacy of the VIGS system via the functional characterization of the role of a MYB transcription factor, MsMYB112, in salt stress tolerance. Expression of MsMYB112 was successfully knocked down using the VIGS system, and this led to compromised salt tolerance in the silenced Miscanthus plants. The TRV‐based VIGS system established may, therefore, substantially facilitate functional genomic studies in Miscanthus. We established an efficient and convenient virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) system mediated by Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) using germinating sprouts in Miscanthus. The TRV‐mediated VIGS was successfully applied to knock‐down MsMYB112 expression to enhance salt stress tolerance in Miscanthus.