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In the present work, the effect of dephosphorization slag basicity on the dephosphorization of hot metal has been studied in the lower temperature range of 1370 °C to 1420 °C and the lower basicity of 1.26 to 2.20 with new double slag converter steelmaking process (NDSP). Based on the ion-molecule coexistence theory (IMCT), the thermodynamic model IMCT-Ni of dephosphorization slag is established. With increasing basicity from 1.26 to 2.20, the phosphorus distribution ratio LP between hot metal and slag increases. The dephosphorization ratio and the decarbonization ratio both increase, while the demanganization ratio decreases. The morphologies of P-rich phase change from long strip shape (B = 1.26-1.37) to dendritic shape (B = 1.50) and to massive shape (B = 1.71-2.20). The area of P-rich phase increases from about 4 μm2 to about 8000 μm2. The content of P2O5 in the P-rich phase increases and the value of the coefficient n in nC2S-C3P of the P-rich phase decreases from 6-20 to 1-2. The phosphorus-enrichment contribution ratio of calcium silicate is in the order of RC2S>RCS>RC3S>RC3S2. The phosphorus-enrichment degree in dephosphorization slag is enhanced mainly by C2S-C3P. With increasing basicity, the calculated results of IMCT-(pct C2S-CjP) and RC2S are well consistent with the measurement results of AP-rich phase and (pct P2O5)P-rich phase of industrial experiment, indicating that the IMCT calculated results can correctly express the phosphorus-enrichment degree of dephosphorization slag.

At low basicity and low temperature, the dephosphorization behavior and phosphorus distribution ratio ( L P ) between slag and molten steel in the double slag and remaining slag process were studied with a 180 t basic oxygen furnace industrial experiment. The dephosphorization slags with different basicities were quantitatively analyzed. At the lower basicity range of 0.9–2.59, both L P and dephosphorization ratio were increased as the basicity of dephosphorization slag increased. Dephosphorization slag consisted of dark gray P-rich, light gray liquid slag, and white Fe-rich phases. With increasing basicity, not only did the morphologies of different phases in the dephosphorization slag change greatly, but the area fractions and P 2 O 5 content of the P-rich phase also increased. The transfer route of P during dephosphorization can be deduced as hot metal → liquid slag phase + Fe-rich phase → P-rich phase.

To predict the endpoint carbon content and temperature in basic oxygen furnace (BOF), the industrial parameters of BOF steelmaking are taken as input values. Firstly, a series of preprocessing works such as the Pauta criterion, hierarchical clustering, and principal component analysis on the original data were performed. Secondly, the prediction results of classic machine learning models of ridge regression, support vector machine, gradient boosting regression (GBR), random forest regression, back-propagation (BP) neural network models, and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) were compared before and after data preprocessing. An improved model was established based on the improved sparrow algorithm and BP using tent chaotic mapping (CSSA-BP). The CSSA-BP model showed the best performance for endpoint carbon prediction with the lowest mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) values of 0.01124 and 0.01345 mass% among seven models, respectively. And the lowest MAE and RMSE values of 8.9839 and 10.9321 °C for endpoint temperature prediction were obtained among seven models, respectively. Furthermore, the CSSA-BP and GBR models have the smallest error fluctuation range in both endpoint carbon content and temperature predictions. Finally, in order to improve the interpretability of the model, SHapley additive interpretation (SHAP) was used to analyze the results.

The present work aims to study the phosphorus enrichment capacity of four kinds of calcium silicate in multiphase dephosphorization slag under different process parameters by combining laboratory high temperature experiment and ion–molecule coexistence theory (IMCT). The results show that the dephosphorization ratio is enhanced by increasing the slag basicity, Fe2O3 addition amount and dephosphorization time. With increasing temperature and initial P content of hot metal, dephosphorization ratio increases first and then decreases. The phosphorus enrichment contribution ratios RCi of CS and C2S accounts for more than 95 pct in multiphase dephosphorization slag. The RCS is positively related to temperature, Fe2O3 addition amount, initial P content of hot metal and time in varying degrees, while negatively related to the slag basicity. The change rule of RC2S is opposite to that of RCS. Within the research range of respective process parameters, the transformation nodes of the phosphorus enrichment degree of CS–C3P and C2S–C3P in multiphase dephosphorization slag are as follows: the slag basicity is 1.45, the Fe2O3 addition amount is 19.55 g, the initial P content of hot metal is 0.182 pct and the reaction time is 8.46 minutes. The phosphorus enrichment degree of C2S–C3P is always higher than that of CS–C3P in the temperature range of 1300 °C to 1450 °C. The consistency between the phosphorus enrichment capacity of calcium silicate calculated based on IMCT and the coefficient n of CnS–C3P estimated based on laboratory experimental measurement results is verified.

In the present work, the effects of decarburization endpoint temperature on the molten steel dephosphorization and phosphorus enrichment behavior of decarburization slag are studied with New Double slag converter Steelmaking Process (NDSP) industrial experiments under the temperature range of 1602 °C–1701 °C and the slag basicity of about 3.4. The phosphorus enrichment capacity of decarburization slag has been comprehensively evaluated at different temperatures based on the industrial experiment results, ion–molecule coexistence theory (IMCT) and mineral phase analysis of slag. With increasing the temperature from 1602 °C to 1701 °C, the dephosphorization ratio in decarburization stage decreases from 90.0 to 75.8 pct, and the phosphorus content in molten steel increases from 0.007 to 0.022 pct. The oxidation capacity of different reaction interfaces is large in the sequence of: slag layer > slag-steel interface > molten steel layer, in which temperature has the greatest influence on the oxidation of decarburization slag. The area fraction in SEM images of (Mg + Fe)O phase that cannot dephosphorize in decarburization slag increases with increasing temperature, which significantly decreases the area fraction in SEM images of P-rich phase and weakens the phosphorus enrichment capacity of decarburization slag. The value of phosphorus enrichment contribution ratio of C2S is about 0.82~0.84. The calcium phosphate in decarburization slag has the greatest contribution to phosphorus distribution ratio and phosphate capacity, which can reach 99.99 pct, in which the contribution ratio of 3CaO·P2O5 is about 95.81 pct. The prediction model of phosphorus distribution ratio and phosphate capacity based on IMCT and slag oxidizability can accurately predict the phosphorus distribution ratio and phosphate capacity at the endpoint of decarburization stage in NDSP within the average relative error of 2.5 pct. The phosphorus enrichment capacity of decarburization slag in NDSP characterized by industrial experiment results, mineral phase results and IMCT model shows a consistent downward trend with increasing temperature.

At low basicity and low temperature,the dephosphorization behavior and phosphorus distribution ratio (LP) between slag and mol-ten steel in the double slag and remaining slag process were studied with a 180 t basic oxygen furnace industrial experiment.The dephosphor-ization slags with different basicities were quantitatively analyzed.At the lower basicity range of 0.9–2.59,both LP and dephosphorization ratio were increased as the basicity of dephosphorization slag increased.Dephosphorization slag consisted of dark gray P-rich,light gray liquid slag,and white Fe-rich phases.With increasing basicity,not only did the morphologies of different phases in the dephosphorization slag change greatly,but the area fractions and P2O5 content of the P-rich phase also increased.The transfer route of P during dephosphorization can be de-duced as hot metal → liquid slag phase + Fe-rich phase → P-rich phase.

The kinetic model is adopted to describe heterogeneous nucleation of supersaturated water vapour on coal-fired PM10. To verify the accuracy of the kinetic model, it is compared with the Fletcher model and experimental data. Additionally, the comparison for condensation and evaporation coefficients and the relative importance of two diffusion condensation mechanisms are systematically analysed during embryo growth process. Furthermore, the influence of vapour temperature on nucleation rate and critical supersaturation for coal-fired PM10 are researched. The results show that the predicted critical supersaturation for Kinetic model is far closer to the experimental data compared with the Fletcher model. What is more, once the embryo radius rn reaches to the critical embryo radius r·, it can grow spontaneously, and the indirect surface diffusion mechanism is more important than the direct addition mechanism to embryo growth, the value of RTO is always above 100. It is also found that increase in the vapour temperature is conductive to nucleation process, which can increase the nucleation rate and decrease the barrier of nucleation free energy.

This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of limb motor dysfunction following ischemic stroke, and to assess the influence of acupuncture intervention type and treatment dosage on therapeutic outcomes. We conducted comprehensive searches multiple databases (e.g., PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, CNKI) and clinical trial registries for studies published up to 10 December 2024. Limb motor function, assessed using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment, was evaluated as the primary outcome. Data analysis was performed using RevMan, ADDIS, and STATA, with reviewer consistency evaluated by the intra-class correlation coefficient. A total of 71 trials were included. The risk of bias assessment indicated 91.5 % of studies had some concerns. The pairwise meta-analyses indicated that the combination of acupuncture and conventional treatment was more effective than conventional treatment alone in improving limb motor dysfunction. The network meta-analysis further indicated that manual acupuncture combined with conventional treatment was the most effective acupuncture-based intervention for improving limb motor dysfunction. Meanwhile, among all acupuncture dose regimens, high-dose acupuncture plus conventional treatment was associated with the greatest therapeutic benefit. However, the GRADE evaluation showed that the certainty of the evidence ranged from low to critically low. Acupuncture combined with conventional therapy enhances limb motor function recovery in patients after ischemic stroke. Manual acupuncture combined with conventional treatment, especially when employing higher-dose acupuncture protocols, may represent one of the most effective therapeutic approaches. Although the low certainty of evidence warrants cautious interpretation, these findings indicate a promising treatment strategy and identify key areas that require verification through subsequent rigorous studies. •Acupuncture plus conventional treatment improves limb motor function after ischemic stroke.•Manual acupuncture combined with conventional therapy is the most effective intervention.•Higher-dose acupuncture protocols are associated with the greatest therapeutic benefits.•Functional improvements exceed the threshold for clinical relevance in motor recovery.•Evidence certainty is low, highlighting a need for more rigorous future trials.

Earthquake-induced strong near-fault ground motion is typically accompanied by large-velocity pulse-like component, which causes serious damage to slopes and buildings. Although not all near-fault ground motions contain a pulse-like component, it is important to consider this factor in regional earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility assessment. In the present study, we considered the probability of the observed pulse-like ground motion at each site (PP) in the region of an earthquake as one of the conditioning factors for landslide susceptibility assessment. A subset of the area affected by the 1994 Mw6.7 Northridge earthquake in California was examined. To explore and verify the effects of PP on landslide susceptibility assessment, seven models were established, consisting of six identical influencing factors (elevation, slope gradient, aspect, distance to drainage, distance to roads, and geology) and one or two factors characterizing the intensity of the earthquake (distance to fault, peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and PP) in logistic regression analysis. The results showed that the model considering PP performed better in susceptibility assessment, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of 0.956. Based on the results of relative importance analysis, the contribution of the PP value to earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility was ranked fourth after the slope gradient, elevation, and lithology. The prediction performance of the model considering the pulse-like effect was better than that reported previously. A logistic regression model that considers the pulse-like effect can be applied in disaster prevention, mitigation, and construction planning in near-fault areas.

Lu2Ti2O7 powders have been prepared using TiO2 and Lu2O3 oxides as precursors based on molten salt technique and the effects of salt-oxide ratio on the phase transformation is studied. A significant influence of salt-oxide ratio on phase transformation has been observed and the salt-oxide molar ratio of 3:1 is preferred for improved synthesis reaction efficiency. Such an experimental trend is analyzed with the assistant of JMA equation and the possible correlations between salt amount and the nucleation rate is given. After confirming linearly increasing of the crystal size with time, which is an indicative of interface controlled crystal growth kinetics, the investigations on the curves resulting from the logarithm of phase transformation fraction (ln[-ln(1-α)]) plots versus both the annealing time (lnt) and calcinations temperatures ( ) under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions respectively suggest that the enhanced crystallization is derived from the modification of salt amount to the nucleation rate.