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Previous research on whole-soil measurements has failed to explain the spatial distribution of soil carbon transformations, which is essential for a precise understanding of the microorganisms responsible for carbon transformations. The microorganisms involved in the transformation of soil carbon were investigated at the microscopic scale by combining 16S rDNA sequencing technology with particle-level soil classification. In this experiment,16S rDNA sequencing analysis was used to evaluate the variations in the microbial community structure of different aggregates in no-tillage black soil. The prokaryotic microorganisms involved in carbon transformation were measured before and after the freezing and thawing of various aggregates in no-tillage black soil. Each sample was divided into six categories based on aggregate grain size: >5, 2-5, 1-2, 0.5-1, 0.25-0.5, <0.25 mm, and bulk soil. The relative abundance of Actinobacteria phylum in <0.25 mm aggregates was significantly higher compared to that in other aggregates. The Chao1 index, Shannon index, and phylogenetic diversity (PD) whole tree index of <0.25 mm aggregates were significantly smaller than those of in bulk soil and >5 mm aggregates. Orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis showed that the microbial community composition of black soil aggregates was significantly different between <1 and >1 mm. The redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the organic carbon conversion rate of 0.25-0.5 mm agglomerates had a significantly greater effect on their bacterial community structure. Moreover, humic acid conversion rates on aggregates <0.5 mm had a greater impact on community structure. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis and RDA analysis were combined. Bradyrhizobium, Actinoplane, Streptomyces, Dactylosporangium, Yonghaparkia, Fleivirga, and Xiangella in <0.25 mm aggregates were positively correlated with soil organic carbon conversion rates. Blastococcus and Pseudarthrobacter were positively correlated with soil organic carbon conversion rates in 0.25-0.5 mm aggregates. In aggregates smaller than 1 mm, the higher the abundance of functional bacteria that contributed to the soil's ability to fix carbon and nitrogen. There were large differences in prokaryotic microbial community composition between <1 and >1 mm aggregates. The <1 mm aggregates play an important role in soil carbon transformation and carbon fixation. The 0.25-0.5 mm aggregates had the fastest organic carbon conversion rate and increased significantly more than the other aggregates. Some genus or species of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria play a positive role in the carbon transformation of <1 mm aggregates. Such analyses may help to identify microbial partners that play an important role in carbon transformation at the micro scale of no-till black soils.

The appearance of Allium L. seeds is very similar, and it is difficult to achieve fast and accurate classification using traditional seed classification methods, which may cause damage to the seeds. Therefore, finding a quick and nondestructive classification method is very important to solve the problem of seed confounding in actual production. In this study, hyperspectral imaging technology was combined with a variety of data preprocessing and classification models to achieve rapid and nondestructive classification of Welsh onion, onion, and Chinese chives seeds. In this paper, 1050 Welsh onion, onion, and Chinese chives seeds were used as materials, and their 400–1000 nm spectral images were collected for processing. Standard Normal Variable (SNV), Multivariate Scattering Correction (MSC), First-order Differential (FD), and Second-order Differential (SD) were used to denoise the spectral data. Then the dimensionality was reduced by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Four classification models, Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), were used to classify seeds quickly and accurately. The results show that the prediction accuracies of the Original-PLS-DA model, Original-Linear SVM model, and FD-Linear SVM model are the highest, reaching 98%, while the accuracy, recall rate, and F1 score all reach 96%. This study provides a new idea for rapid and nondestructive classification of Allium L. seeds in practical production.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has emerged as a promising non‐noble metal catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to its intrinsic electrocatalytic activity. However, its practical application is hindered by the inert basal plane, low electrical conductivity, and insufficient active sites. Transition metal doping provides an effective strategy for modulating material properties, offering a viable route to enhance electrocatalytic performance. In this work, controllable doping of vanadium (V) into monolayer MoS2 was realized through chemical vapor deposition. By tuning the mass ratio of precursors, V‐doped MoS2 (Mo1‐xVxS2) monolayers with controlled doping concentration were successfully synthesized, and the films exhibit high crystallinity and uniformity. Electrochemical measurements demonstrated that the Mo1‐xVxS2 film with 33.3% doping concentration exhibits a Tafel slope of 116.65 mV/dec in H2SO4, significantly outperforming pristine MoS2 (164.08 mV/dec). Moreover, the catalyst retained over 90% of its activity after 9000 s of continuous electrolysis, highlighting its excellent stability. Density functional theory calculations revealed that vanadium doping reduces the hydrogen adsorption free energy at basal sulfur sites and enhances charge carrier mobility. This work demonstrates the effective modulation of the electronic structure and catalytic activity of MoS2 via vanadium doping, offering a potential approach for the design of efficient and cost‐effective HER catalysts. High‐quality monolayer vanadium‐doped MoS2 single crystals and films were grown using chemical vapor deposition, and their crystal structure integrity and doping uniformity were systematically characterized. The samples exhibit excellent activity and long‐term stability in the hydrogen evolution reaction, providing significant support for the design of efficient 2D electrocatalytic materials.

Context The adsorptions of gas (CO, CO 2 , NH 3 ) by metal (Au, Ag, Cu)-doped single layer WS 2 are studied by density functional theory. The doping of metal atoms makes WS 2 behave as n-type semiconductors. The final adsorption sites for CO, CO 2 , and NH 3 are close to the atomic sites of the doped metal. The adsorptions of CO and NH 3 gases on Cu/WS 2 , Ag/WS 2 , and Au/WS 2 are dominated by chemisorption. The doped metal atoms enhance the hybridization of the substrate with the gas molecular orbitals, which contributes to the charge transfer and enhances the adsorption of the gas with the material surface. The adsorptions of CO and NH 3 on Cu/WS 2 and Ag/WS 2 allow favorable desorption in a short time after heating. The single-layer Cu/WS 2 is proved to have the potential to be used as a reliable recyclable sensor for CO. This work provides a theoretical basis for developing high-performance WS 2 -based gas sensors. Methods In this paper, the adsorption energy, electronic structure, charge transfer, and recovery time of CO, CO 2 , and NH 3 in the doped system have been investigated based on the CASTEP code of density functional theory. The exchange correlation function used is the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The TS (Tkatchenko-Scheffler) dispersion correction method was used to involve the effects of van der Waals interaction on the adsorption energies for all adsorption system. The ultrasoft pseudopotentials are chosen and the plane-wave cut-off energies are set to 500 eV. The k-point mesh generated by the Monkhorst package scheme is used to perform the numerical integration of the Brillouin zone and 5 × 5 × 1 k-point grid is used. The tolerances of total energy convergence, maximum ionic force, ionic displacement, and stress component are 1.0 × 10 −5  eV/atom, 0.03 eV/Å, 0.001 Å, and 0.05 GPa, respectively.

To develop an optimal irrigation and fertilization system for Korla fragrant pear in the Xinjiang region, the effects of water and fertilizer coupling on the quality, yield, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), fertilizer partial productivity (PFP), and net profits of Korla fragrant pear under the condition of limited water drip irrigation were studied through field experiments by combining multiple regression analysis and spatial analysis. A comprehensive quality evaluation model of fragrant pear was constructed using the principal component analysis, and 12 quality indices were evaluated comprehensively. The experiment adopted a two-factor crossover design with three irrigation levels (W1: 5250 m3 ha−1, W2: 6750 m3 ha−1, W3: 8250 m3 ha−1), accounting for 60%, 80% and 100% of the ETe (where ETe denotes evapotranspiration under sufficient water supply for crops); four fertilizer application levels (F1: 675 kg ha−1, F2: 750 kg ha−1, F3: 825 kg ha−1, F4: 900 kg ha−1), designated F80%, F90%, F100%, and F110%, respectively; and 12 treatments. The results showed that the overall quality of fragrant pear was improved based on the integrated quality of pear. Four principal components were extracted through the fragrant pear comprehensive quality evaluation model, and their cumulative contribution was 89.977%; the best comprehensive quality was obtained in the W3F2 treatment and the worst comprehensive quality in the W1F1 treatment. The spatial analysis showed that when the irrigation range is 7484–8250 m3 ha−1 and the N-P2O5-K2O fertilization range is (181-223-300)–(200-246-332) kg ha−1, the comprehensive quality, yield, IWUE, PFP, and net profits of fragrant pear can reach > 85% of the maximum value. These results provide a scientific basis for water and fertilizer management of fragrant pear orchard with drip irrigation in Korla, Xinjiang.

A novel method of detecting an infrared (IR) radiation by tracking resonant frequency of bimaterial resonant sensors is presented. A capacitive bimaterial resonant sensor (BRS) array consisting of 6 x 6 cells is fabricated by surface sacrificial layer process. The BRSs are packaged and tested not only by optical but also by electrical method. The results indicate that the BRSs exhibit a monotonic frequency response, which is in correspondence with the theoretical prediction by finite element method. The resonant frequency responsivity of the BRS is better than 363 Hz/K by an electrical measurement.

The adsorptions of gas (CO, CO , NH ) by metal (Au, Ag, Cu)-doped single layer WS are studied by density functional theory. The doping of metal atoms makes WS behave as n-type semiconductors. The final adsorption sites for CO, CO , and NH are close to the atomic sites of the doped metal. The adsorptions of CO and NH gases on Cu/WS , Ag/WS , and Au/WS are dominated by chemisorption. The doped metal atoms enhance the hybridization of the substrate with the gas molecular orbitals, which contributes to the charge transfer and enhances the adsorption of the gas with the material surface. The adsorptions of CO and NH on Cu/WS and Ag/WS allow favorable desorption in a short time after heating. The single-layer Cu/WS is proved to have the potential to be used as a reliable recyclable sensor for CO. This work provides a theoretical basis for developing high-performance WS -based gas sensors. In this paper, the adsorption energy, electronic structure, charge transfer, and recovery time of CO, CO , and NH in the doped system have been investigated based on the CASTEP code of density functional theory. The exchange correlation function used is the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The TS (Tkatchenko-Scheffler) dispersion correction method was used to involve the effects of van der Waals interaction on the adsorption energies for all adsorption system. The ultrasoft pseudopotentials are chosen and the plane-wave cut-off energies are set to 500 eV. The k-point mesh generated by the Monkhorst package scheme is used to perform the numerical integration of the Brillouin zone and 5 × 5 × 1 k-point grid is used. The tolerances of total energy convergence, maximum ionic force, ionic displacement, and stress component are 1.0 × 10  eV/atom, 0.03 eV/Å, 0.001 Å, and 0.05 GPa, respectively.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) has emerged as a promising non‐noble metal catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to its intrinsic electrocatalytic activity. However, its practical application is hindered by the inert basal plane, low electrical conductivity, and insufficient active sites. Transition metal doping provides an effective strategy for modulating material properties, offering a viable route to enhance electrocatalytic performance. In this work, controllable doping of vanadium (V) into monolayer MoS 2 was realized through chemical vapor deposition. By tuning the mass ratio of precursors, V‐doped MoS 2 (Mo 1‐x V x S 2 ) monolayers with controlled doping concentration were successfully synthesized, and the films exhibit high crystallinity and uniformity. Electrochemical measurements demonstrated that the Mo 1‐x V x S 2 film with 33.3% doping concentration exhibits a Tafel slope of 116.65 mV/dec in H 2 SO 4 , significantly outperforming pristine MoS 2 (164.08 mV/dec). Moreover, the catalyst retained over 90% of its activity after 9000 s of continuous electrolysis, highlighting its excellent stability. Density functional theory calculations revealed that vanadium doping reduces the hydrogen adsorption free energy at basal sulfur sites and enhances charge carrier mobility. This work demonstrates the effective modulation of the electronic structure and catalytic activity of MoS 2 via vanadium doping, offering a potential approach for the design of efficient and cost‐effective HER catalysts.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for a proportion of cancer-associated mortalities worldwide. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of HCC in China. Thapsigargin (TG) is a potential antitumor prodrug, eliciting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress via the inhibition of the ER calcium pump, effectively inducing apoptosis. The present study therefore examined the role of HBV in TG-induced apoptosis using two HCC cell lines, HBV positive HepG2.2.15 and HBV negative HepG2. When these two cell lines were treated with TG, HepG2.2.15 was less susceptible to apoptosis than HepG2. This phenomenon was confirmed by an MTT assay and Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to detect the expression levels of genes in the ER stress pathway subsequent to treatment with TG. Notably, the mRNA and protein levels of the apoptosis factor DNA damage inducible transcript 3 (CHOP) increased significantly in the HepG2 cells compared with the HepG2.2.15 cells. Additionally, the HepG2.2.15 cells treated with interferon-α exhibited higher levels of CHOP compared with the untreated cells. The overexpression or knockdown of CHOP microRNA in HepG2.2.15 or HepG2 cells may reduce the difference in apoptosis status between the two cell lines. These results suggest that HBV may inhibit the apoptosis induced by ER stress. These findings may be useful in the development of selective therapies for patients with HBV-positive tumors.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6666.].