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HighlightsBifunctional electrode and electrolytic cell configuration for electrochemical water splitting are reviewed.The different green energy systems powered water splitting are summarized and discussed.An outlook of future research prospects for the development of green energy system powered water splitting in practical application process is proposed.Hydrogen (H2) production is a latent feasibility of renewable clean energy. The industrial H2 production is obtained from reforming of natural gas, which consumes a large amount of nonrenewable energy and simultaneously produces greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. Electrochemical water splitting is a promising approach for the H2 production, which is sustainable and pollution-free. Therefore, developing efficient and economic technologies for electrochemical water splitting has been an important goal for researchers around the world. The utilization of green energy systems to reduce overall energy consumption is more important for H2 production. Harvesting and converting energy from the environment by different green energy systems for water splitting can efficiently decrease the external power consumption. A variety of green energy systems for efficient producing H2, such as two-electrode electrolysis of water, water splitting driven by photoelectrode devices, solar cells, thermoelectric devices, triboelectric nanogenerator, pyroelectric device or electrochemical water–gas shift device, have been developed recently. In this review, some notable progress made in the different green energy cells for water splitting is discussed in detail. We hoped this review can guide people to pay more attention to the development of green energy system to generate pollution-free H2 energy, which will realize the whole process of H2 production with low cost, pollution-free and energy sustainability conversion.

This paper incorporates green innovation into a two-tier new energy vehicle supply (NEV) chain under a dual credit policy, in which the NEV manufacturer controls the level of green innovation and wholesale prices, and the NEV retailer controls sales prices. We analyze the pricing and green innovation strategies of the NEV manufacturer and retailer in decentralized and integrated scenarios by constructing differential game models. We then test the performance of the supply chain by comparing the profit, energy efficiency levels and green innovation levels of the NEV supply chain with those in the decentralized scenario. It is found that the profits, energy efficiency levels and green innovation levels of the NEV supply chain in the integrated scenario are higher than those in the decentralized scenario. Therefore, a revenue and investment sharing contract is designed to coordinate the supply chain and several conditions are derived for the contract to be accepted by both members of the supply chain. Numerical calculations are performed and the theoretical results and impacts of the unit credit trading price and the percentage of units of NEV converted into credits on the supply chain coordination are analyzed to further validate the effectiveness of the dual credit policy.

Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom that has been widely used in East Asia for the treatment of various diseases. The pharmacological activity of this fungus is primarily attributable to the polysaccharides and triterpenoids. In this study, to obtain the fruit bodies with improved content of active constituents, we examined the effect of salicylic acid (SA) and calcium ion on the biosynthesis of polysaccharides and triterpenoids by spraying the chemicals during the fruiting. To explore the underlying mechanisms for the variation, the transcripts of related genes involved in the polysaccharide and triterpenoid biosynthesis were measured. Results showed that Ca2+ had no effect on production of polysaccharides and triterpenoids, whereas SA increased triterpenoid content by 23.32%, compared to the control, but it had little influence on polysaccharide production. Interestingly, the combined induction increased polysaccharide and triterpenoid content by 9.02% and 13.61%, respectively, compared to the control. Under Ca2+ induction, the transcript of ugp gene in the polysaccharide biosynthetic pathway up-regulated in all three stages (mycelium, primordium, and fruit body), while pgm and gls gave no response in the mycelium and primordium stages, and up-regulated in the fruit body stage. Differently, six key triterpenoid biosynthetic genes including hmgr, hmgs, mvd, fps, sqs, and ls did not respond to the induction. In the case of SA and combined induction, pgm and ugp were up-regulated in all three stages, while gls showed an increased expression in the primordium stage and no response in other stages. The six triterpenoid biosynthetic genes were up-regulated in all three stages. The present study provides a useful approach to producing G. lucidum fruit bodies with high polysaccharide and triterpenoid content. This is important to the G. lucidum industry.

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) is an important clinical complication that occurs after the application of contrast agent in percutaneous coronary intervention. The pathogenesis of CIAKI is complex. Studies have shown that cell apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) plays an important role in renal tubular injury in CIAKI. These findings suggest that atorvastatin, probucol and alprostadil can inhibit renal tubular cell apoptosis to prevent CIAKI. However, there is no specific research on the above effects of drug combinations. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a rat CIAKI model with meglumine diatrizoate and add drug intervention to compare the influence of combined drugs with that of atorvastatin alone on CIAKI via the inhibition of ERS-specific molecular chaperones. Fifty Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: Group A + CC (atorvastatin group, n  = 10); Group PA + CC (probucol + atorvastatin group, n  = 10); Group AA + CC (alprostadil + atorvastatin group, n  = 10); Group PCC (contrast group, n  = 10); and Group NCC (control group, n  = 10). Among the five groups, Group PCC presented the significantly highest creatinine increase rate and protein and nucleic acid expression levels, with the most severe cell injury and apoptosis observed via HE and TUNEL staining. Compared with those in the atorvastatin group, the rate of increase in creatinine and protein expression in the combined treatment groups were decreased to some extent, and the histological morphology was also improved. This was especially evident in Group AA + CC. Renal cell apoptosis induced by the ERS pathway may play an important role in the pathogenesis of CIAKI induced by meglumine diatrizoate. Atorvastatin, probucol and alprostadil can prevent the occurrence of CIAKI, and the ERS-induced apoptosis pathway is involved in this mechanism. The protective effect of probucol or alprostadil combined with atorvastatin on CIAKI may be stronger than that of atorvastatin alone, with a greater effect of the combination of alprostadil and atorvastatin.

HighlightsThe current understanding and advances on laser synthesis of nanomaterials are summarized.The laser microfabrication-enabled energy conversion and storage devices are reviewed.The limitations and solutions for current laser processing of nanomaterials and other more potential development directions for laser processing are proposed.Nanomaterials are known to exhibit a number of interesting physical and chemical properties for various applications, including energy conversion and storage, nanoscale electronics, sensors and actuators, photonics devices and even for biomedical purposes. In the past decade, laser as a synthetic technique and laser as a microfabrication technique facilitated nanomaterial preparation and nanostructure construction, including the laser processing-induced carbon and non-carbon nanomaterials, hierarchical structure construction, patterning, heteroatom doping, sputtering etching, and so on. The laser-induced nanomaterials and nanostructures have extended broad applications in electronic devices, such as light–thermal conversion, batteries, supercapacitors, sensor devices, actuators and electrocatalytic electrodes. Here, the recent developments in the laser synthesis of carbon-based and non-carbon-based nanomaterials are comprehensively summarized. An extensive overview on laser-enabled electronic devices for various applications is depicted. With the rapid progress made in the research on nanomaterial preparation through laser synthesis and laser microfabrication technologies, laser synthesis and microfabrication toward energy conversion and storage will undergo fast development.

Dative bonds between p - and d -block atoms are common but species containing a double dative bond, which donate two-electron pairs to the same acceptor, are far less common. The synthesis of complexes between UCl 4 and carbodiphosphoranes (CDP), which formally possess double dative bonds Cl 4 U⇇CDP, is reported in this paper. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction shows that the uranium−carbon distances are in the range of bond lengths for uranium−carbon double bonds. A bonding analysis suggests that the molecules are uranium−carbone complexes featuring divalent carbon(0) ligands rather than uranium−carbene species. The complexes represent rare examples with a double dative bond in f -block chemistry. Our study not only introduces the concept of double dative bonds between carbones and f -block elements but also opens an avenue for the construction of other complexes with double dative bonds, thus providing new opportunities for the applications o f f -block compounds. While chemical bonding between carbon and the d - and p -block elements is relatively well-studied, that between carbon and the f -block elements remains comparatively poorly understood. Here, the authors synthesize a series of uranium−carbone complexes in which carbon forms an unprecedented double dative bond to uranium.

We report the isolation and spectroscopic identification of the eight-coordinated alkaline earth metal–dinitrogen complexes M(N 2 ) 8 (M=Ca, Sr, Ba) possessing cubic ( O h ) symmetry in a low-temperature neon matrix. The analysis of the electronic structure reveals that the metal-N 2 bonds are mainly due to [M(d π )]→(N 2 ) 8 π backdonation, which explains the observed large red-shift in N-N stretching frequencies. The adducts M(N 2 ) 8 have a triplet ( 3 A 1g ) electronic ground state and exhibit typical bonding features of transition metal complexes obeying the 18-electron rule. We also report the isolation and bonding analysis of the charged dinitrogen complexes [M(N 2 ) 8 ] + (M=Ca, Sr). The study of main group complexes remains important to our fundamental understanding of main group element bonding and properties. Here the authors isolate and spectroscopically characterize a series of 8-coordinated alkaline earth metal–dinitrogen complexes M(N 2 ) 8 (M=Ca, Sr, Ba) in a low-temperature neon matrix.

Excessive phosphorus (P) levels can disrupt nutrient balance in plants, adversely affecting growth. The molecular responses of Pennisetum species to high phosphorus stress remain poorly understood. This study examined two Pennisetum species, Pennisetum americanum × Pennisetum purpureum and Pennisetum americanum , under varying P concentrations (200, 600 and 1000 µmol·L − 1 KH 2 PO 4 ) to elucidate transcriptomic alterations under high-P conditions. Our findings revealed that P. americanum exhibited stronger adaption to high-P stress compared to P. americanum × P. purpureum . Both species showed an increase in plant height and leaf P content under elevated P levels, with P. americanum demonstrating greater height and higher P content than P. americanum × P. purpureum . Transcriptomic analysis identified significant up- and down-regulation of key genes (e.g. SAUR , GH3 , AHP , PIF4 , PYL , GST , GPX , GSR , CAT , SOD1 , CHS , ANR , P5CS and PsbO ) involved in plant hormone signal transduction, glutathione metabolism, peroxisomes, flavonoid biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis and photosynthesis pathways. Compared with P. americanum × P. purpureum , P. americanum has more key genes in the KEGG pathway, and some genes have higher expression levels. These results contribute valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms governing high-P stress in Pennisetum species and offer implications for broader plant stress research.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by destruction of the myelin sheath structure. The loss of myelin leads to damage of a neuron’s axon and cell body, which is identified as brain lesions on magnetic resonance image (MRI). The pathogenesis of MS remains largely unknown. However, immune mechanisms, especially those linked to the aberrant lymphocyte activity, are mainly responsible for neuronal damage. Th1 and Th17 populations of lymphocytes were primarily associated with MS pathogenesis. These lymphocytes are essential for differentiation of encephalitogenic CD8 + T cell and Th17 lymphocyte crossing the blood brain barrier and targeting myelin sheath in the CNS. B-lymphocytes could also contribute to MS pathogenesis by producing anti-myelin basic protein antibodies. In later studies, aberrant function of Treg and Th9 cells was identified as contributing to MS. This review summarizes the aberrant function and count of lymphocyte, and the contributions of these cell to the mechanisms of MS. Additionally, we have outlined the novel MS therapeutics aimed to amend the aberrant function or counts of these lymphocytes.

This review summarizes experimental and theoretical studies of transition metal complexes with two types of novel metal-carbon bonds. One type features complexes with carbones CL2 as ligands, where the carbon(0) atom has two electron lone pairs which engage in double (σ and π) donation to the metal atom [M]⇇CL2. The second part of this review reports complexes which have a neutral carbon atom C as ligand. Carbido complexes with naked carbon atoms may be considered as endpoint of the series [M]-CR3 → [M]-CR2 → [M]-CR → [M]-C. This review includes some work on uranium and cerium complexes, but it does not present a complete coverage of actinide and lanthanide complexes with carbone or carbide ligands.