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يتناول كتاب (ثقافة الأطعمة الصينية) والذي قام بتأليفه (زهاو رونغقوانغ) في حوالي (103) صفحة من القطع المتوسط موضوع (عادات الطعام في الصين) مستعرضا المحتويات التالية : الباب الأول : ثقافة مواد الأطعمة الصينية، الباب الثاني : الخاصية الإقليمية لثقافة الأطعمة الصينية، الباب الثالث : التقاليد والطقوس الشعبية للأطمعة الصينية، الباب الرابع : فنون الطبخ الصيني وثقافة التوابل.

Fatty acids (FAs) are essential nutrients, but how they are transported into cells remains unclear. Here, we show that FAs trigger caveolae-dependent CD36 internalization, which in turn delivers FAs into adipocytes. During the process, binding of FAs to CD36 activates its downstream kinase LYN, which phosphorylates DHHC5, the palmitoyl acyltransferase of CD36, at Tyr91 and inactivates it. CD36 then gets depalmitoylated by APT1 and recruits another tyrosine kinase SYK to phosphorylate JNK and VAVs to initiate endocytic uptake of FAs. Blocking CD36 internalization by inhibiting APT1, LYN or SYK abolishes CD36-dependent FA uptake. Restricting CD36 at either palmitoylated or depalmitoylated state eliminates its FA uptake activity, indicating an essential role of dynamic palmitoylation of CD36. Furthermore, blocking endocytosis by targeting LYN or SYK inhibits CD36-dependent lipid droplet growth in adipocytes and high-fat-diet induced weight gain in mice. Our study has uncovered a dynamic palmitoylation-regulated endocytic pathway to take up FAs. The mechanistic details of fatty acid uptake into cells remains poorly understood. Here, the authors identify CD36 internalization via cavaeolae and demonstrate dynamic palmitoylationof CD36 is required for endocytic uptake of fatty acids.

In the literature, it was proposed that the growth index \\[\\gamma \\] is useful to distinguish the scenarios of dark energy and modified gravity. In the present work, we consider the constraints on the growth index \\[\\gamma \\] by using the latest observational data. To be model-independent, we use cosmography to describe the cosmic expansion history, and also expand the general \\[\\gamma (z)\\] as a Taylor series with respect to redshift z or y-shift, \\[y=z/(1+z)\\]. We find that the present value \\[\\gamma _0=\\gamma (z=0)\\simeq 0.42\\] (for most of viable f(R) theories) is inconsistent with the latest observational data at high confidence level (C.L.). On the other hand, \\[\\gamma _0\\simeq 0.55\\] (for dark energy models in GR) can be consistent with the latest observational data at \\[1\\sigma \\] C.L. in five of the nine cases under consideration, but is inconsistent beyond \\[2\\sigma \\] C.L. in the other four cases (while it is still consistent within the \\[3\\sigma \\] region). Thus, we can say nothing firmly about \\[\\gamma _0\\simeq 0.55\\]. We also find that a varying \\[\\gamma (z)\\] is favored.

Purpose To explore the effects of PAK4/LIMK1/Cofilin‐1 signaling pathway on the proliferation, invasion, and migration of human osteosarcoma cells. Methods The expression of PAK4/LIMK1/Cofilin‐1 was detected by immunohistochemistry in osteosarcoma tissues. The osteosarcoma cell line MG63 was transfected and divided into Mock, Control siRNA, si‐PAK4, LIMK1, and si‐PAK4+LIMK1 groups. Then, the cellular biological features of MG63 cells were detected by CCK‐8, wound‐healing, Transwell, and flow cytometry methods. The relationship of PAK4 and LIMK1 was performed by co‐immunoprecipitation test, and the protein expression of PAK4/LIMK1/Cofilin‐1 was determined by Western blotting. Finally, the effect of PAK4 on the growth of osteosarcoma was verified by subcutaneous transplantation model of osteosarcoma in nude mice. Results The expression of PAK4/LIMK1/Cofilin‐1 in both osteosarcoma tissues and cells was up‐regulated. Positive PAK4, LIMK1, and Cofilin‐1 expressions in osteosarcoma were associated with the clinical stage, distant metastasis, and tumor grade. The MG63 cell viability, migration, and invasion, as well as the expression of PAK4, p‐LIMK/LIMK, and p‐Cofilin‐1/Cofilin‐1, were restrained by the knock down of PAK4 while it promoted apoptosis. PAK4 silencing also suppressed the growth of subcutaneous transplanted tumor in nude mice. Co‐immunocoprecipitation showed that LIMK and PAK4 protein can form complex in osteosarcoma cells. Besides, LIMK1 overexpression reversed the inhibition effect of PAK4 siRNA on the growth of osteosarcoma cells. Conclusion The expression of PAK4/LIMK1/Cofilin‐1 pathway in osteosarcoma tissues was up‐regulated. Thus, PAK4 inhibition may restrict the osteosarcoma cell proliferation, invasion, and migration but promote its apoptosis via decreasing the activity of LIMK1/Cofilin‐1 pathway.

The paper aims to conduct an analysis of pricing strategies in a dual channel supply chain under external uncertainty, utilizing Interval numbers theory and Game theory as the theoretical basis. The focus is on maximizing the expected profits of manufacturers and retailers. Four models are considered: centralized decision-making, manufacturer’s Stackelberg, retailer’s Stackelberg strategy, and vertical Nash model, with the decision variable being the product price. By solving the game model, the paper compares the optimal decisions under the four models and conducts sensitivity analysis to reflect the influence of key parameters and analyze their relationships. The ultimate goal is to optimize profits under various circumstances by adjusting market potential and price parameters to determine the best price level. The findings suggest that decision-maker’s risk indicators have a greater impact on decision results when market demand is less sensitive to price, and that the size of the market has a negative correlation with the impact of decision-maker’s risk indicators on decision results.

The controllability of probabilistic Boolean control networks（PBCNs） is first considered. Using the input-state incidence matrices of all models, we propose a reachability matrix to characterize the joint reachability. Then we prove that the joint reachability and the controllability of PBCNs are equivalent, which leads to a necessary and sufcient condition of the controllability. Then, the result of controllability is used to investigate the stability of probabilistic Boolean networks（PBNs） and the stabilization of PBCNs. A necessary and sufcient condition for the stability of PBNs is obtained first. By introducing the control-fixed point of Boolean control networks（BCNs）, the stability condition has finally been developed into a necessary and sufcient condition of the stabilization of PBCNs. Both necessary and sufcient conditions for controllability and stabilizability are based on reachability matrix, which are easily computable. Hence the two necessary and sufcient conditions are straightforward verifiable. Numerical examples are provided from case to case to demonstrate the corresponding theoretical results.

Excessive and unresolved neuroinflammation is a key component of the pathological cascade in brain injuries such as ischemic stroke. Tripartite motif-containing 45 (TRIM45) is a ubiquitin E3 ligase involved in various critical biological processes. However, the role of TRIM45 in cerebral ischemia remains unknown. Here, we found that the TRIM45 protein was highly expressed in the peri-infarct areas of mice subjected to cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion. This study systemically evaluated the putative role of TRIM45 in the regulation of neuroinflammation during ischemic injury and the potential underlying mechanisms. We found that TRIM45 knockdown significantly decreased proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in primary cultured microglia challenged with oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) treatment. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that TRIM45 constitutively interacted with TAB2 and consequently facilitated the Lys-63-linked polyubiquitination of TAB2, leading to the formation of the TAB1–TAK1–TAB2 complex and activation of TAK1, which was ultimately followed by activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In an in vitro coculture Transwell system, downregulation of TRIM45 expression also inhibited the OGD/R-induced activation of microglia and alleviated neuronal apoptosis. More importantly, microglia-specific knockdown of TRIM45 in mice significantly reduced the infarct size, mitigated neurological deficit scores, and improved cognitive function after ischemic stroke. Taken together, our study reveals that the TRIM45–TAB2 axis is a crucial checkpoint that controls NF-κB signaling in microglia during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. Therefore, targeting TRIM45 may be an attractive therapeutic strategy.Stroke: Possible therapeutic target for subsequent brain inflammationTherapies targeting a protein found at high levels following stroke could help reduce subsequent brain inflammation and damage to neurons. The release of cytokines and chemokines, immune system signaling molecules, in the brain following a stroke exacerbates inflammation and can cause extensive damage, even after restoration of blood flow. Xing Li and co-workers at Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, examined the role of the TRIM45 protein following stroke in mice. The brain’s immune system cells, microglia, activate inflammatory proteins to protect the brain from injury. The team found that stroke triggers the increase of TRIM45 expression in microglia. TRIM45 interacts with another protein to stimulate signalling cascades that result in inflammation and neuronal damage. Blocking TRIM45 expression significantly decreased cytokine production in the mice, suggesting the protein may be a valuable therapeutic target.

Phenols and anilines are of extreme importance for medicinal chemistry and material science. The development of efficient approaches to prepare both compounds has thus long been a vital research topic. The utility of phenols and anilines directly reflects the identity and pattern of substituents on the benzenoid ring. Electrophilic substitutions remain among the most powerful synthetic methods to substituted phenols and anilines, yet in principle achieving ortho - and para -substituted products. Therefore, the selective preparation of meta -substituted phenols and anilines is the most significant challenge. We herein report an efficient copper-catalyzed dehydrogenation strategy to exclusively synthesize meta -carbonyl phenols and anilines from carbonyl substituted cyclohexanes. Mechanistic studies indicate that this transformation undergoes a copper-catalyzed dehydrogenation/allylic hydroxylation or amination/oxidative dehydrogenation/aromatization cascade process. Phenols and anilines are of extreme importance for medicinal chemistry and material science but the selective preparation of meta-substituted phenols and anilines remains challenging. Here the authors report an efficient copper-catalyzed dehydrogenation strategy to exclusively synthesize meta-carbonyl phenols and anilines from carbonyl substituted cyclohexanes.

The (2+1)-dimensional Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation is studied by distinct methods. The parameter limit method is used to derive multi-breathers solutions and lump solutions with different structures. The Hirota’s bilinear method is used to obtain N-soliton solutions, N-order rational solutions and M-lump solutions. Besides, we also analyze parametric reasons for the degradation of breathers solutions and emergence of different lump solutions, and simulate the different structures of the exact solutions obtained in this paper by using three-dimensional images.

Saururus chinensis is a core member of Saururaceae, an ancient, perianthless (lacking petals or sepals) family of the magnoliids in the Mesangiospermae, which is important for understanding the origin and evolution of early flowers due to its unusual floral composition and petaloid bracts. To compare their transcriptomes, RNA-seq abundance analysis identified 43,463 genes that were found to be differentially expressed in S . chinensis bracts. Of these, 5,797 showed significant differential expression, of which 1,770 were up-regulated and 4,027 down-regulated in green compared to white bracts. The expression profiles were also compared using cDNA microarrays, which identified 166 additional differentially expressed genes. Subsequently, qRT-PCR was used to verify and extend the cDNA microarray results, showing that the A and B class MADS-box genes were up-regulated in the white bracts. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on putative S . chinensis A and B-class of MADS-box genes to infer evolutionary relationships within the A and B-class of MADS-box gene family. In addition, nature selection and protein interactions of B class MADS-box proteins were inferred that B-class genes free from evolutionary pressures. The results indicate that petaloid bracts display anatomical and gene expression features normally associated with petals, as found in petaloid bracts of other species, and support an evolutionarily conserved developmental program for petaloid bracts.