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Breast cancer, characterized by unique epidemiological patterns and significant heterogeneity, remains one of the leading causes of malignancy-related deaths in women. The increasingly nuanced molecular subtypes of breast cancer have enhanced the comprehension and precision treatment of this disease. The mechanisms of tumorigenesis and progression of breast cancer have been central to scientific research, with investigations spanning various perspectives such as tumor stemness, intra-tumoral microbiota, and circadian rhythms. Technological advancements, particularly those integrated with artificial intelligence, have significantly improved the accuracy of breast cancer detection and diagnosis. The emergence of novel therapeutic concepts and drugs represents a paradigm shift towards personalized medicine. Evidence suggests that optimal diagnosis and treatment models tailored to individual patient risk and expected subtypes are crucial, supporting the era of precision oncology for breast cancer. Despite the rapid advancements in oncology and the increasing emphasis on the clinical precision treatment of breast cancer, a comprehensive update and summary of the panoramic knowledge related to this disease are needed. In this review, we provide a thorough overview of the global status of breast cancer, including its epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, and molecular subtyping. Additionally, we elaborate on the latest research into mechanisms contributing to breast cancer progression, emerging treatment strategies, and long-term patient management. This review offers valuable insights into the latest advancements in Breast Cancer Research, thereby facilitating future progress in both basic research and clinical application.

In many extended object tracking applications (e.g., tracking vehicles using a millimeter-wave radar), the shape of an extended object (EO) remains unchanged while the orientation angle varies over time. Thus, tracking the shape and the orientation angle as individual parameters is reasonable. Moreover, the tight coupling between the orientation angle and the heading angle contains information on improving estimation performance. Hence, this paper proposes a constrained filtering approach utilizing this information. First, an EO model is built using an orientation vector with a heading constraint. This constraint is formulated using the relation between the orientation vector and the velocity vector. Second, based on the proposed model, a variational Bayesian (VB) approach is proposed to estimate the kinematic, shape, and orientation vector states. A pseudo-measurement is constructed from the heading constraint and is incorporated into the VB framework. The proposed approach can also address the ambiguous issue in orientation angle estimation. Simulation and real-data results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and estimation approach.

Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a novel principle for interpreting precise spatiotemporal coordination in living cells through biomolecular condensate (BMC) formation via dynamic aggregation. LLPS changes individual molecules into membrane-free, droplet-like BMCs with specific functions, which coordinate various cellular activities. The formation and regulation of LLPS are closely associated with oncogenesis, tumor progressions and metastasis, the specific roles and mechanisms of LLPS in tumors still need to be further investigated at present. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the conditions of LLPS and identify mechanisms involved in abnormal LLPS in cancer processes, including tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis from the perspective of cancer hallmarks. We have also reviewed the clinical applications of LLPS in oncologic areas. This systematic summary of dysregulated LLPS from the different dimensions of cancer hallmarks will build a bridge for determining its specific functions to further guide basic research, finding strategies to intervene in LLPS, and developing relevant therapeutic approaches.

To handle the uncertainties brought by the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources and random loads, we design a stochastic multi-timescale distribution network reconfiguration (SMTDNR) framework to coordinate diverse scheduling resources across different timescales and develop an efficient heuristic algorithm to solve this complex NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem with high efficiency for medium- and high-voltage distribution networks. First, the SMTDNR problem, incorporating distributed renewable generators, fuel generators, energy storage systems, and controllable loads, is simplified through circular constraint linearization, Jabr relaxation, and second-order cone (SOC) relaxation techniques. Then, a one-stage multi-timescale successive branch reduction (MTSBR) algorithm is developed for distribution networks with one redundant branch, which transforms the SMTDNR problem into a stochastic multi-timescale optimal power flow (SMTOPF) problem. This is extended to a two-stage MTSBR algorithm for general networks with multiple redundant branches, which iteratively runs the proposed one-stage MTSBR algorithm. Numerical results on modified IEEE 33-bus and 123-bus distribution networks validate the superior optimality, feasibility, and computational efficiency of the proposed algorithms, particularly in scenarios of high renewable penetration and increased uncertainty, offering robust and feasible solutions where traditional methods may fail.

The study aimed to make a bibliometric analysis of the current research situation in unilateral biportal endoscopy/biportal endoscopic spinal surgery (UBE/BESS). Research data sets were acquired from the Web of Science database. The study chosed “biportal endoscopic spinal surgery” OR “two portal endoscopic spinal surgery” OR “percutaneous biportal endoscopic decompression” OR “unilateral biportal endoscopy” OR “irrigation endoscopic discectomy” as the search terms. The literature search was limited to articles published before March 5, 2021. We only included original articles and reviews. VOS viewer and Citespace software were used to analyze the data and generate visualization knowledge maps. Annual trend of publications, distribution, H‐index status, co‐authorship status, and research hotspots were analyzed. A total of 74 publications met the requirement. The sum number of citations was 31,204, in which 19,336 were no self‐citations. The average citation of all the papers was 21.84 times. The H‐index of all the publications was 85. South Korea's total number of articles was far higher than that of other countries and regions (61, 82.4%), followed by United Arab Emirates, Egypt, and Peoples Republic of China (three, ranking second, accounting for 12.2% of the total). For the most productive authors, Choi ranked first with 21 articles, Kim ranked second with 16 articles, and Heo ranked third with 12 articles. The journal with the greatest number of publications was World Neurosurgery, with a total of 18 (39.1%) papers. Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery ranked second with six (13.0%) papers. In third place, there were fix articles published by Asian Spine Journal and Neurospine, accounting for 21.8% of the total articles. These top three journals accounted for 73.9% of all the papers. Spondylolisthesis and endoscopic decompression were the research hotspots in recent years. The number of publications has showed an upward trend with a stable rise in recent years. South Korea is the country with the highest productivity, not only in quality, but also in quantity. Barun Hosp and Leon Wiltse Mem Hosphave published most articles. Choi is the most productive author. World Neurosurgery is the most productive journal. Spondylolisthesis and endoscopic decompression are the research hotspots in recent years. Indeed, this study provides new insight into the growth and development of UBE/BESS. This study is to understand overall development trend of UBE. The number of publications showed an upward trend with a stable rise in recent years. Spondylolisthesis and endoscopic decompression are the research hotspots.

Breast cancer in young patients, particularly those with the luminal subtype, exhibits more aggressive behavior and poorer clinical outcomes compared with older patients. However, the genomic mechanisms underlying this age-associated aggressiveness remains poorly understood. In this study, we integrated multi-omics data, including gene fusions, mutations, and copy number variations, to investigate age-related molecular heterogeneity in breast cancer. We identified the co-occurrence of the EEF1AKNMT::DNM3 (ED) fusion and KDM6B deletion as a novel prognostic biomarker associated with aggressive tumor biology and reduced survival in luminal breast cancer. Moreover, we discovered a widespread pattern of genomic remodeling in early-onset disease, characterized by an increased fusion burden, distinct mutational profiles, and dysregulated transcriptional programs that collectively contribute to high-risk clinical phenotypes. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the enhanced aggressiveness of breast cancer in young patients and identify potential biomarkers for improved risk stratification.

Fluoride hydrogeochemistry and associated human health risks implications are investigated in several aquifers along the southern edge of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Locally, 64% shallow groundwater samples in loess aquifer exceed the fluoride limit (1.5 mg/L) with the maximum of 3.8 mg/L. Presently, the shallow groundwater is the main source of private wells for domestic use, and this is clearly a potential risk for human health. Hydrogeochemistry and stable isotopes are used to elucidate the diversity of occurrence mechanisms. Enrichment of fluoride in groundwater is largely controlled by the F-containing minerals dissolution. Furthermore, alkaline condition and calcium-removing processes promote water–rock interactions. Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen (δD and δ18O) in study area waters demonstrate that groundwater in loess aquifer is old, which means groundwater remains in the aquifer for a long time. Long residence time induces sufficient water–rock interactions, which play significant roles in the resolution of fluoride minerals. Samples from the shallow loess aquifer show elevated fluoride levels, which may pose human health risk for both adults (60%) and children (94%) via oral intake. To ensure drinking water safety, management measures such as popularizing fluoride-removing techniques and optimizing water supply strategies need to be implemented.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A or VEGF) is a major pathogenic factor and therapeutic target for diabetic retinopathy (DR). Since VEGF has been proposed as a survival factor for retinal neurons, defining the cellular origin of pathogenic VEGF is necessary for the effectiveness and safety of long-term anti-VEGF therapies for DR. To determine the significance of Müller cell-derived VEGF in DR, we disrupted VEGF in Müller cells with an inducible Cre/lox system and examined diabetes-induced retinal inflammation and vascular leakage in these conditional VEGF knockout (KO) mice. Leukostasis was determined by counting the number of fluorescently labeled leukocytes inside retinal vasculature. Expression of biomarkers for retinal inflammation was assessed by immunoblotting of TNF-alpha, ICAM-1, and NF-kappaB. Vascular leakage was measured by immunoblotting of retinal albumin and fluorescent microscopic analysis of extravascular albumin. Diabetes-induced vascular alterations were examined by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry for tight junctions, and by trypsin digestion assays for acellular capillaries. Retinal integrity was analyzed with morphologic and morphometric analyses. Diabetic conditional VEGF KO mice exhibited significantly reduced leukostasis, expression of inflammatory biomarkers, depletion of tight junction proteins, numbers of acellular capillaries, and vascular leakage compared to diabetic control mice. Müller cell-derived VEGF plays an essential and causative role in retinal inflammation, vascular lesions, and vascular leakage in DR. Therefore, Müller cells are a primary cellular target for proinflammatory signals that mediates retinal inflammation and vascular leakage in DR.

Increasing sea surface temperature due to global climate change is a major threat to the growth and survival of many temperate seagrasses, while cold-water upwelling can potentially ameliorate high-temperature stress on temperate seagrass meadows during growing seasons. Seagrasses in the coasts of Korea are increasingly influenced by rising water temperatures and water temperature anomalies in recent decades due to climate change, but the impacts of such events on reproductive phenology of seagrasses remain poorly understood. We investigated the reproductive phenology and sexual reproduction of Zostera marina in four seagrass meadows along the coasts of Korea. Two study sites were located on the south coast where water temperature shows significant warming trends, while two other study sites were located on the east coast where coastal cold-water upwelling is prevalent. Water temperature exhibited stronger seasonality with cooler winter and warmer summer in the south coast sites than in the east coast sites. Cold-water upwelling events occurred frequently along the east coast of Korea, leading to anomalously cool water temperatures during the growing season. Z. marina flowering was prolonged and/or precocious at the east coast sites relative to the south coast sites. The mean flowering period was 5–7.5 months at the east coast sites and 3.5 months at the south coast sites. Moreover, reproductive shoot density and biomass, as well as the corresponding flowering frequency and reproductive efforts were much higher (2–3 times) at the east coast sites than at the south coast sites. Consequently, the potential seed production was higher in the east coast sites than in the south coast sites. Overall, high summer water temperature appeared to reduce sexual reproduction of Z. marina in the south coast sites, while regional cold-water upwelling on the east coast changed seasonal temperature patterns and decreased summer temperature highs, consequently provided a relatively long period of optimal water temperature for production of reproductive shoots. Regional water temperature variability has an important role in shifting the flowering responses of seagrass, which could affect the long-term stability and maintenance of seagrass meadows via the regulation of the sexual-asexual reproductive trade-off.

Coastal water temperature anomalies are expected to intensify during the current period of global climate change. Sudden water temperature elevation (e.g., heat waves) or decrease (e.g., summer upwelling) can have a far-reaching influence on seagrasses in temperate regions. We examined the influence of anomalously elevated and decreased water temperatures on the growth of Zostera marina plants held under two different levels of irradiance. Core samples of wild Z. marina shoots were cultured under either suddenly elevated (from the in situ level of 20 to 27 °C during the fall experiment) or decreased (from the in situ level of 27 to 20°C during the summer experiment) temperature. We included light as an experimental factor because the light requirements of seagrasses increase when plants are under thermal stress. The growth of Z. marina shoots under anomalously elevated water temperature conditions, which simulated marine heat waves, was significantly declined, whereas the plant growth under suddenly decreased water temperature conditions, which simulated summer upwelling events, was maintained or slightly increased. In the fall 2014 experimental period, Z. marina shoots under the suddenly elevated water temperature condition (27 °C) showed significant decreases in shoot density, biomass, and leaf productivity by ca. 40–80%, whereas plants held under the ambient water temperature condition (20 °C) maintained or slightly increased their growths. In the summer 2015 experimental period, Z. marina under the sudden temperature reduction conditions (20 °C) maintained relatively high shoot density and leaf productivity, whereas plants under the in situ high water temperature condition (27 °C) showed significantly reduced growths. The growth of Z. marina shoots, which were cultured in the optimal temperature condition (20 °C), was enhanced by increasing underwater irradiance. However, the adverse effects of high water temperature on Z. marina growth could not be reversed by increasing irradiance levels at the end of the experiments. According to the results of this study, the intensified sea surface water temperature anomalies induced by global climate change will alter the growth and distribution of temperate seagrasses and, consequently, the structure and function of the coastal seagrass ecosystems in the temperate region.