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The association between aspirin use and depression risk remains controversial. Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database from the 2011 to 2018, a cross-sectional study was designed. Depression was estimated using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the association between aspirin use and depression, adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical covariates. To explore potential heterogeneity, we stratified the analysis by depression severity and aspirin dose categories. A total of 4,887 participants with a mean age of 65.5 years were included. Of the participants, 1,421 (29%) were identified to be with depression. Aspirin use was inversely associated with the depression ( = 0.69; 95% : 0.55, 0.86; 0.01). For depression of different severity, aspirin use was inversely significantly associated with \"Mild depression\" ( = 0.65; 95% : 0.51, 0.83; 0.001) while not significant associated with \"Moderate and severe depression\". Aspirin use was inversely associated with depression, particularly mild depression, and the association differed by depression severity and aspirin dose. The clinical benefits and risks of aspirin should be carefully considered.

Background Unfavourable lipid and glucose levels may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, there is a lack of prospective studies on the relationship between lipid profiles, lipid ratios and GDM during pregnancy. Aims To prospectively investigate the relationship between lipid profile and lipid ratios in early and mid-pregnancy and their pattern of change from early to mid-pregnancy and the risk of GDM. Methods This nested case-control study was based on maternal and child healthcare hospitals from Fujian Province, China. We included pregnant women who delivered in the hospital from January 2021 to June 2023. Lipid profiles (TC, TG, ApoA1, ApoB, HDL-c, LDL-c) and fasting glucose were measured before 14 weeks of gestation and between 20 and 28 weeks of gestation, and lipid ratios (triglyceride glucose index, TG/HDL-c and TC/HDL-c) was constructed. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between lipid profile, lipid ratios and GDM. Results Of 1586 pregnant women, 741 were diagnosed with GDM. After adjusting for potential confounders, TG, ApoA1, ApoB, LDL-c, triglyceride glucose index, TG/HDL-c, and TC/HDL-c in early pregnancy were positively associated with the risk of GDM (odds ratios [95% CI] for extreme interquartile comparisons were 2.040 (1.468–2.843), 1.506 (1.091–2.082), 1.529 (1.110–2.107), 1.504 (1.086–2.086), 1.952 (1.398–2.731), 2.127 (1.526–2.971), and 2.370 (1.700-3.312), all trend P  < 0.05). HDL-c was negatively associated with the risk of GDM (0.639: 0.459–0.889, trend P all less than 0.05). Similarly, in mid-pregnancy, lower levels of HDL-c, higher levels of triglyceride glucose index, TG/HDL-c ratio, and TC/HDL-c ratio were associated with increased risk of GDM (all trends P  < 0.05). Stably high levels (both ≥ median for early and mid-pregnancy) of triglyceride glucose index, TG/HDL-c and TC/HDL-c were associated with increased risk of GDM (OR [95% CI]: 2.369 (1.438–3.940), 1.588 (1.077–2.341), 1.921 (1.309–2.829), respectively). The opposite was true for HDL-c, where stable high levels were negatively associated with GDM risk (OR [95% CI]: 0.599 (0.405–0.883)). Conclusion Increases in triglyceride glucose index, TG/HDL-c ratio, and TC/HDL-c ratio in early and mid-pregnancy, as well as their stable high levels from early to mid-pregnancy, are associated with a higher risk of GDM. In contrast, increased levels of HDL-c, both in early and mid-pregnancy, and their stable high levels from early to mid-pregnancy were associated with a lower risk of GDM. That highlighted their possible clinical relevance in identifying those at high risk of GDM.

Alcohols and esters are core flavor-active constituents of Qingxiangxing Baijiu (QXB), yet ethanol concentration's regulatory role in their thresholds and interactions remains unclear. Physicochemical analysis showed reduced-alcohol QXB (L-QX, 42%, / ) had higher total acid (1.48 g/L) but lower total ester (1.52 g/L) than high-alcohol QXB (H-QX, 53%, / ; 1.20 g/L total acid, 2.05 g/L total ester). Sensory evaluation (0-5 scale) revealed H-QX had higher fruity (3.6 vs. 2.0), grassy (3.2 vs. 1.8), and grainy (3.0 vs. 1.9) aroma scores, while L-QX showed higher sour (2.1 vs. 1.5) and lees (1.7 vs. 1.1) notes ( < 0.05). The quantification of gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) determined the concentrations of eight alcohols and esters in H-QX samples and identified that most flavor compounds had higher concentrations than L-QX samples. Three alternative forced-choice tests showed 53% ethanol elevated olfactory thresholds (OTs) of five compounds, with ethyl lactate (1.53-fold) and isopentanol (1.89-fold) vs. 42%. For 16 alcohol-ester binary mixtures, 12 pairs had OT ratios (53% vs. 42%) < 1, especially 3 pairs (e.g., n-propanol-ethyl acetate) < 0.5. OAV/S curve analyses indicated all 16 mixtures had masking effects, with 11 pairs stronger at 42%. Verification validated 53% ethanol mitigated masking, enhancing fruity/grassy aromas by 38.1%/25.0%. This study provides support for QXB dealcoholization flavor regulation.

Whether specific antihypertensive treatments increase cancer risk in patients with hypertension is still controversial. We aimed to estimate the associations of different antihypertensive treatments with cancer risk in real-world settings. A longitudinal cohort study was designed in a population of 1.2 million individuals from the (CHERRY). Propensity score matching (PSM) and the Cox regression model were used to estimate the associations. Several sensitivity analyses were then performed to reduce potential residual confounding. From 2009 to 2019, a total of 270,320 patients with newly diagnosed hypertension were included in this study. With a median follow-up time of 7.7 years, 14,264 cases of cancer occurred. There were no significant associations of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, or thiazide diuretics (TDs) with cancer risk ( > 0.05). Compared with other antihypertensive treatments, the use of calcium channel blockers (CCBs) was significantly associated with a marginally mild increase in the risk of all cancers (hazard ratio, HR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.09; = 0.017). However, this association was no longer observed in sensitivity analyses excluding patients with less than 1, 2, or 3 years of follow-up. Nevertheless, the association between CCBs and the risk of endocrine cancer, especially thyroid cancer, still exists. Despite previous controversy, in this study, we found no clinically meaningful cancer risk associated with antihypertensive medications. However, the association of CCBs with specific cancer still requires further research. These findings should be interpreted with caution due to the potential residual confounding.

Background The relationship between mixed metal exposure and metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains controversial, and the underlying mechanisms of this relationship are not yet fully understood. Objective We evaluated the association between urinary metals and MetS and investigated the potential mediating effect of ageing. Methods This study utilized National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 1999 to 2018 and included 11,541 adults aged 20 years and above. We explored the association between urinary concentrations of nine metals and MetS using weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, grouped weighted quantile sum (GWQS) regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). In addition, various methodologies have been used to assess biological ageing, encompassing the examination of cellular senescence through the evaluation of telomere length, as well as a comprehensive evaluation of overall body ageing through the determination of biological age. The contribution of biological ageing to the association between urinary metals and MetS was investigated in a mediation analysis. Results After adjusting for confounders, the WQS and GWQS analyses found positive and negative correlations between metal exposure and MetS, and the main metals affecting MetS risk were cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), respectively. A positive relationship was found between exposure to mixed metals and the risk of MetS in the BKMR results. Mediation analysis showed that ageing biomarkers, including biological age and telomere length, mediated 68.43% and 12.05% of the association between metal exposure and MetS, respectively. Biological ageing may play a major role in the association between mixed metal exposure and MetS. Cd contributed the most to the positive association, indicating that priority control measures may be necessary to reduce the risk of MetS related to Cd exposure. Significance The findings of this study could contribute to the advancement of targeted measures for metal precautions, ultimately mitigating the incidence of metabolic syndrome. Impact statement This research employed multipollutant models including WQS regression, GWQS and BKMR to evaluate the combined effects of various metal exposures on the risk of developing MetS based on a nationally representative large cross-sectional study. In addition, this research investigated biological aging by conducting a comprehensive assessment of biological age and telomere length. Our goal is to understand its potential mediating effect on metal exposure and the occurrence of metabolic syndrome. The insights gained from this study could provide valuable hints for future mechanistic research in this field.

Lycoris longituba is an important ornamental and medicinal plant and contains various Amaryllidaceae alkaloids such as galanthamine (GAL), lycorine (LYC), and lycoramine (LYCM), which have been reported to exhibit medicinal values. However, the effects of light quality on L. longituba are unknown. The present study aimed to explore the effects of different light emitting diode (LED) light quality on growth, physiological characteristics, and alkaloid accumulations in the seedlings. Lycoris longituba seedlings were cultured under different ratios of blue and red LEDs. The results showed that compared to CK, RB (1:2) treatment improved growth, biomass accumulation, and the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments and reduced membrane lipid peroxidation. Blue light increased GAL, LYC, and LYCM contents which were 2.45-, 1.74-, and 1.92-fold higher than CK, respectively. Most of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids biosynthetic pathway genes including PAL, C4H, NBS, TYDC, OMT, and CYP96T1 were upregulated under B treatment. In general, RB (1:2) was the optimal light quality condition for the growth of L. longituba seedlings. B treatment could promote the accumulation of alkaloids and related gene expressions. This study has established the theoretical foundation and technical support for the use of LED light quality control technology in the production of high-quality L. longituba seedlings.

Neuroinflammation, for which microglia are the predominant contributors, is a significant risk factor for cognitive dysfunction. Riboflavin (also known as vitamin B2) ameliorates cognitive impairment via anti‐oxidative stress and anti‐inflammation properties; however, the underlying mechanisms linking riboflavin metabolism and microglial function in cognitive impairment remain unclear. Here, it is demonstrated that riboflavin kinase (RFK), a critical enzyme in riboflavin metabolism, is specifically expressed in microglia. An intermediate product of riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide (FMN), inhibited RFK expression via regulation of lysine‐specific methyltransferase 2B (KMT2B). FMN supplementation attenuated the pro‐inflammatory TNFR1/NF‐κB signaling pathway, and this effect is abolished by KMT2B overexpression. To improve the limited anti‐inflammatory efficiency of free FMN, a biomimetic microglial nanoparticle strategy (designated as MNPs@FMN) is established, which penetrated the blood brain barrier with enhanced microglial‐targeted delivery efficiency. Notably, MNPs@FMN ameliorated cognitive impairment and dysfunctional synaptic plasticity in a lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammatory mouse model and in a 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Taken together, biomimetic microglial delivery of FMN may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for inflammation‐dependent cognitive decline. A biomimetic microglial nanoparticle system (MNPs@FMN) is established for precise microglial delivery of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) to ameliorate cognitive impairment and restore synaptic plasticity in inflammation‐based cognitive decline mouse models. Mechanistically, MNPs@FMN alleviated pro‐inflammatory response by inhibiting the TNFR1/NF‐κB signaling pathway, for which this neuroprotection may be involved in the regulation of microglial expressed riboflavin kinase (RFK) via KMT2B.

Chemical cleaning and disinfection are crucial steps for eliminating infection in root canal treatment. However, irrigant selection or irrigation procedures are far from clear. The vapor lock effect in the apical region has yet to be solved, impeding irrigation efficacy and resulting in residual infections and compromised treatment outcomes. Additionally, ambiguous clinical indications for root canal medication and non-standardized dressing protocols must be clarified. Inappropriate intracanal medication may present side effects and jeopardize the therapeutic outcomes. Indeed, clinicians have been aware of these concerns for years. Based on the current evidence of studies, this article reviews the properties of various irrigants and intracanal medicaments and elucidates their effectiveness and interactions. The evolution of different kinetic irrigation methods, their effects, limitations, the paradigm shift, current indications, and effective operational procedures regarding intracanal medication are also discussed. This expert consensus aims to establish the clinical operation guidelines for root canal irrigation and a position statement on intracanal medication, thus facilitating a better understanding of infection control, standardizing clinical practice, and ultimately improving the success of endodontic therapy.

Non-syndromic cleft lip with palate (NSCLP) is the most serious sub-phenotype of non-syndromic orofacial clefts (NSOFC), which are the most common craniofacial birth defects in humans. Here we conduct a GWAS of NSCLP with multiple independent replications, totalling 7,404 NSOFC cases and 16,059 controls from several ethnicities, to identify new NSCLP risk loci, and explore the genetic heterogeneity between sub-phenotypes of NSOFC. We identify 41 SNPs within 26 loci that achieve genome-wide significance, 14 of which are novel ( RAD54B , TMEM19 , KRT18 , WNT9B , GSC / DICER1 , PTCH1 , RPS26 , OFCC1/TFAP2A , TAF1B , FGF10 , MSX1 , LINC00640 , FGFR1 and SPRY1 ). These 26 loci collectively account for 10.94% of the heritability for NSCLP in Chinese population. We find evidence of genetic heterogeneity between the sub-phenotypes of NSOFC and among different populations. This study substantially increases the number of genetic susceptibility loci for NSCLP and provides important insights into the genetic aetiology of this common craniofacial malformation. Non-syndromic cleft lip with palate is a common birth defect of unknown aetiology. Here, the authors discover 14 new genes associated with this condition, and show genetic heterogeneity in this and other non-syndromic orofacial clefting disorders.

To improve the nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency of surface flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs), biochar was added to an SFCW matrix. The effects of adding different amounts of biochar on water purification, the growth of Vallisneria natans ( V. natans ), and microbial mechanisms were explored through SFCW simulation experiments. The results showed that through the joint action of biochar and V. natans , the concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and ammonia nitrogen in the effluent significantly decreased. The total biomass, relative growth rate, and chlorophyll content of V. natans were significantly reduced by adding biochar (≥20%, v / v ), as the root activity and the root to leaf biomass ratio slightly increased at first and then decreased. The carbon and nitrogen contents of V. natans slightly increased with the addition of biochar (≥10%, v / v ), but the phosphorus content slightly decreased. Moreover, the nitrogen content of the matrices decreased significantly over time ( P <0.05), and the phosphorus content in the matrix showed an increasing trend in the same period. In addition, the microbial 16S rDNA sequencing results indicated that the diversity and abundance of the microbial community in the matrix of the biochar-added SFCW tended to decrease. Nevertheless, the abundance of functional bacteria related to nitrogen and phosphorus removal (i.e., Pseudomonas and Dechloromonas ) slightly increased, which would benefit denitrification and dephosphorization in the SFCW. Hence, the addition of biochar to the SFCW matrix facilitated the improvement of effluent water quality, while excessive biochar addition (≥10%, v / v ) restrained the growth of V. natans but did not cause death. This conclusion provides valid data support regarding the ability of biochar-added SFCW to purify lightly contaminated water.