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CD24 is a small glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycoprotein with broad expression in multiple cell types. Due to differential glycosylation, cell surface CD24 have been shown to interact with various receptors to mediate multiple physiological functions. Nearly 15 years ago, CD24 was shown to interact with Siglec G/10 to selectively inhibit inflammatory response to tissue injuries. Subsequent studies demonstrate that sialylated CD24 (SialoCD24) is a major endogenous ligand for CD33-family of Siglecs to protect the host against inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders and most notably respiratory distress in COVID-19. The discoveries on CD24-Siglec interactions propelled active translational research to treat graft-vs-host diseases, cancer, COVID-19 and metabolic disorders. This mini-review provides a succinct summary on biological significance of CD24-Siglec pathway in regulation of inflammatory diseases with emphasis on clinical translation.

Bioactive materials are a kind of materials with unique bioactivities, which can change the cellular behaviors and elicit biological responses from living tissues. Bioactive materials came into the spotlight in the late 1960s when the researchers found that the materials such as bioglass could react with surrounding bone tissue for bone regeneration. In the following decades, advances in nanotechnology brought the new development opportunities to bioactive nanomaterials. Bioactive nanomaterials are not a simple miniaturization of macroscopic materials. They exhibit unique bioactivities due to their nanoscale size effect, high specific surface area, and precise nanostructure, which can significantly influence the interactions with biological systems. Nowadays, bioactive nanomaterials have represented an important and exciting area of research. Current and future applications ensure that bioactive nanomaterials have a high academic and clinical importance. This review summaries the recent advances in the field of bioactive nanomaterials, and evaluate the influence factors of bioactivities. Then, a range of bioactive nanomaterials and their potential biomedical applications are discussed. Furthermore, the limitations, challenges, and future opportunities of bioactive nanomaterials are also discussed. In this review, we summary the recent advances of bioactive nanomaterials, and discuss the influence factors of bioactivities including the physical structure of bioactive nanomaterials, surface properties, and nanotopography. Then, a range of bioactive nanomaterials, including inorganic nanomaterials, carbon‐based nanomaterials, polymeric nanomaterials, and supramolecular‐based nanomaterials are discussed. In addition, we also introduce several typical applications of bioactive nanomaterials, including wound healing, cancer therapy, neurodegenerative disease therapy, and biocatalyst.

Treg play a central role in maintenance of self tolerance and homeostasis through suppression of self-reactive T cell populations. In addition to that role, Treg also survey cancers and suppress anti-tumor immune responses. Thus, understanding the unique attributes of Treg-tumor interactions may permit control of this pathologic suppression without interfering with homeostatic self-tolerance. This review will define the unique role of Treg in cancer growth, and the ways by which Treg inhibit a robust anti-tumor immune response. There will be specific focus placed on Treg homing to the tumor microenvironment (TME), TME formation of induced Treg (iTreg), mechanisms of suppression that underpin cancer immune escape, and trophic nonimmunologic effects of Treg on tumor cells.

Notwithstanding immune checkpoint blocking (ICB) therapy has made eminent clinical breakthroughs, overcoming immunologically “cold” tumors remains challenging. Here, a cascade potentiated nanomodulator AuPtAg‐GOx is engineered for boosting immune responsiveness. Upon 1064 nm laser irradiation, AuPtAg‐mediated mild photothermal therapy (PTT) activates cytotoxic T lymphocytes and reverses the immunogenic “cold” tumor microenvironment. Further, to amplify the thermal sensitivity of tumor cells, glucose oxidase (GOx) is introduced to suppress the production of heat shock proteins, thereby promoting mild photothermal therapy. Complementarily, AuPtAg nanozymes with catalase‐like activity can ameliorate tumor hypoxia, significantly improving the GOx activity. As a result, the combination of AuPtAg‐GOx with self‐augmented photothermal ability and PD‐L1 antibody can further escalate the antitumor efficacy. The AuPtAg‐GOx‐based synergistic starvation therapy, mild PTT, and immunotherapy cascade enhancement therapy strategy can be a favorable tool to effectively kill cancer cells. A cascade promoted AuPtAg‐glucose oxidase (GOx) nanomodulator is designed for synergistic starvation/photothermal/immunotherapy. The GOx‐mediated starvation therapy inhibits heat shock protein production for enhanced AuPtAg mediated mild photothermal therapy, which would sequentially activate the systemic immune response, prompting the tumor microenvironment to become “hot.” Therefore, AuPtAg‐GOx combined with ɑ‐PD‐1 ligand 1 could obviously inhibit tumor growth.

The rational design of a stable and catalytic carbon cathode is crucial for the development of rechargeable lithium‐oxygen (LiO2) batteries. An edge‐site‐free and topological‐defect‐rich graphene‐based material is proposed as a pure carbon cathode that drastically improves LiO2 battery performance, even in the absence of extra catalysts and mediators. The proposed graphene‐based material is synthesized using the advanced template technique coupled with high‐temperature annealing at 1800 °C. The material possesses an edge‐site‐free framework and mesoporosity, which is crucial to achieve excellent electrochemical stability and an ultra‐large capacity (>6700 mAh g−1). Moreover, both experimental and theoretical structural characterization demonstrates the presence of a significant number of topological defects, which are non‐hexagonal carbon rings in the graphene framework. In situ isotopic electrochemical mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations reveal the unique catalysis of topological defects in the formation of amorphous Li2O2, which may be decomposed at low potential (∼ 3.6 V versus Li/Li+) and leads to improved cycle performance. Furthermore, a flexible electrode sheet that excludes organic binders exhibits an extremely long lifetime of up to 307 cycles (>1535 h), in the absence of solid or soluble catalysts. These findings may be used to design robust carbon cathodes for LiO2 batteries. An edge‐site‐free and topological‐defect‐rich graphene mesosponge (GMS) is proposed as a carbon cathode for lithium‐oxygenbatteries. The GMS is highly stable, with high discharge capacity, low charge plateau and enhanced electrochemical stability compared to other commercial carbon materials. The table of contents image shows the formation of easily‐decomposable Li2O2 at the topological defects on GMS.

Patten recognition receptors, which recognize pathogens or components of injured cells (danger), trigger activation of the innate immune system. Whether and how the host distinguishes between danger- versus pathogen-associated molecular patterns remains unresolved. We report that CD24-deficient mice exhibit increased susceptibility to danger- but not pathogen-associated molecular patterns. CD24 associates with high mobility group box 1, heat shock protein 70, and heat shock protein 90; negatively regulates their stimulatory activity; and inhibits nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation. This occurs at least in part through CD24 association with Siglec-10 in humans or Siglec-G in mice. Our results reveal that the CD24-Siglec G pathway protects the host against a lethal response to pathological cell death and discriminates danger- versus pathogen-associated molecular patterns.

Supercritical fluids are ideal media for mass transfer from the subducting slab into the mantle wedge. However, little is known about the Mg‐Fe isotope compositions of supercritical fluids in subduction zones. Here, we present the Mg‐Fe isotope data for a coesite‐bearing eclogite‐vein system, which is closely associated with supercritical fluids, from the Dabie Orogen in China. The results reveal the geochemical effects of supercritical fluids under subarc conditions. The eclogites close to the eclogitic vein formed by supercritical fluids have not only lighter Mg isotope compositions for whole‐rock but also higher δ26Mg and δ56Fe values in separate minerals than those distant from the vein. The ultrahigh‐pressure eclogitic vein has δ26Mg values of +0.17 to +0.23‰ and δ56Fe values of +0.26 to +0.35‰. These observations indicate that vein‐forming supercritical fluids have heavy Mg‐Fe isotope compositions and are produced by the contributions of omphacite from eclogite during the dissolution‐precipitation process. The supercritical fluids released from eclogite at subarc depths are recovered to have high δ26Mg values of +0.30 to +0.37‰ and δ56Fe values of +0.34 to +0.49‰ and thus can contribute to arc lavas with heavy Mg‐Fe isotopic compositions. On the basis of the mixing modeling between subduction zone fluids and mantle wedge peridotites, we propose that the supercritical fluids have an effect on the mantle wedge to drive it to incorporate slightly heavier Fe isotopes.

It is assumed that anti-CTLA-4 antibodies cause tumor rejection by blocking negative signaling from B7-CTLA-4 interactions. Surprisingly, at concentrations considerably higher than plasma levels achieved by clinically effective dosing, the anti-CTLA-4 antibody Ipilimumab blocks neither B7 trans-endocytosis by CTLA-4 nor CTLA-4 binding to immobilized or cell-associated B7. Consequently, Ipilimumab does not increase B7 on dendritic cells (DCs) from either CTLA4 gene humanized ( Ctla4 h/h ) or human CD34 + stem cell-reconstituted NSG™ mice. In Ctla4 h/m mice expressing both human and mouse CTLA4 genes, anti-CTLA-4 antibodies that bind to human but not mouse CTLA-4 efficiently induce Treg depletion and Fc receptor-dependent tumor rejection. The blocking antibody L3D10 is comparable to the non-blocking Ipilimumab in causing tumor rejection. Remarkably, L3D10 progenies that lose blocking activity during humanization remain fully competent in inducing Treg depletion and tumor rejection. Anti-B7 antibodies that effectively block CD4 T cell activation and de novo CD8 T cell priming in lymphoid organs do not negatively affect the immunotherapeutic effect of Ipilimumab. Thus, clinically effective anti-CTLA-4 mAb causes tumor rejection by mechanisms that are independent of checkpoint blockade but dependent on the host Fc receptor. Our data call for a reappraisal of the CTLA-4 checkpoint blockade hypothesis and provide new insights for the next generation of safe and effective anti-CTLA-4 mAbs.

A combination of anti-CTLA-4 plus anti-PD-1/PD-L1 is the most effective cancer immunotherapy but causes high incidence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Here we report that targeting of HIF-1α suppressed PD-L1 expression on tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, but unexpectedly induced PD-L1 in normal tissues by an IFN-γ-dependent mechanism. Targeting the HIF-1α/PD-L1 axis in tumor cells reactivated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and caused tumor rejection. The HIF-1α inhibitor echinomycin potentiated the cancer immunotherapeutic effects of anti-CTLA-4 therapy, with efficacy comparable to that of anti-CTLA-4 plus anti-PD-1 antibodies. However, while anti-PD-1 exacerbated irAEs triggered by ipilimumab, echinomycin protected mice against irAEs by increasing PD-L1 levels in normal tissues. Our data suggest that targeting HIF-1α fortifies the immune tolerance function of the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint in normal tissues but abrogates its immune evasion function in the tumor microenvironment to achieve safer and more effective immunotherapy.

With the development of the social economy, costume design is becoming more and more trendy and diversified, which can better reflect cultural and geographical elements. However, traditional costume design often causes excessive waste of resources and time, which is an issue worthy of attention and value. In view of these limitations, an immersive virtual reality model is introduced in this paper. Digitization is realized based on CAD through combing the business logic involved in the costume design process, and virtual fitting and virtual sewing are realized according to virtual reality, and the effect of virtual dressing is viewed and adjusted according to the corresponding feedback, saving cost and time. The simulation experiment research shows that the immersive virtual reality model is effective and can effectively achieve the effective improvement of intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy. Meanwhile, it has a good effect in the assessment of costume design learning transfer and can effectively support the analysis of CAD digital automation.