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This paper studies the impact of half-height infilled walls on the failure modes of frame columns through quasi-static tests of both frame models and half-height infilled wall frame models. Based on the experimental results, a seismic analysis model of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures is established, and parametric studies are carried out to analyze the effects of masonry materials and masonry heights on the seismic performance of structures. The results show that the load-bearing capacity and stiffness of the structure are improved, while the ductility of the structure is reduced because of the existence of infilled walls. As the height of infilled walls increases, there is a notable decrease in the free height of frame columns. At a wall-to-column height ratio of 0.2, the masonry walls exert a negligible effect on the frame structure’s seismic performance. In contrast, at a ratio of 0.6, there is a transition in column failure modes from bending to shearing. When evaluated at consistent masonry heights, aerated concrete block-infilled walls demonstrate the least impact on the seismic performance of RC frame structures. Thus, in the absence of additional structural enhancements, the use of aerated concrete blocks is recommended to mitigate the negative implications of infilled walls on the seismic integrity of RC frames.

Transition‐metal‐based layered double hydroxides (TM‐LDHs) nanosheets are promising electrocatalysts in the renewable electrochemical energy conversion system, which are regarded as alternatives to noble metal‐based materials. In this review, recent advances on effective and facile strategies to rationally design TM‐LDHs nanosheets as electrocatalysts, such as increasing the number of active sties, improving the utilization of active sites (atomic‐scale catalysts), modulating the electron configurations, and controlling the lattice facets, are summarized and compared. Then, the utilization of these fabricated TM‐LDHs nanosheets for oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, urea oxidation reaction, nitrogen reduction reaction, small molecule oxidations, and biomass derivatives upgrading is articulated through systematically discussing the corresponding fundamental design principles and reaction mechanism. Finally, the existing challenges in increasing the density of catalytically active sites and future prospects of TM‐LDHs nanosheets‐based electrocatalysts in each application are also commented. Current fabrication strategies to design transition‐metal‐based layered double hydroxides (TM‐LDHs) nanosheets are summarized. The electrocatalytic applications of these as‐fabricated TM‐LDHs nanosheets in oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, urea oxidation reaction, nitrogen reduction reaction, small molecule oxidation, and biomass derivatives upgrading are articulated through systematically discussing the corresponding fundamental design principles and reaction mechanism.

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) with tantalizing layer-dependent electronic and optical properties have emerged as a paradigm for integrated flat opto-electronic devices, but their widespread applications are hampered by challenges in deterministic fabrication with demanded shapes and thicknesses, as well as light field manipulation in such atomic-thick layers with negligible thicknesses compared to the wavelength. Here we demonstrate ultra-sensitive light field manipulation in full visible ranges based on MoS 2 laser prints exfoliated with nanometric precisions. The nontrivial interfacial phase shifts stemming from the unique dispersion of MoS 2 layers integrated on the metallic substrate empower an ultra-sensitive resonance manipulation up to 13.95 nm per MoS 2 layer across the entire visible bands, which is up to one-order-of-magnitude larger than their counterparts. The interlayer van der Waals interactions and the anisotropic thermal conductivity of layered MoS 2 films endow a laser exfoliation method for on-demand patterning MoS 2 with atomic thickness precision and subwavelength feature sizes. With this, nanometric flat color prints and further amplitude-modulated diffractive components for binocular stereoscopic images can be realized in a facile and lithography-free fashion. Our results with demonstrated practicality unlock the potentials of, and pave the way for, widespread applications of emerging 2D flat optics. The authors demonstrate fidelity colour prints and binocular stereoscopic images in multilayer MoS 2 integrated on an Au substrate, showing nanometric layer sensitivity in the Fabry-Perot resonance changed by a facile laser recipe.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by chronic inflammation, and progressive cartilage degradation. Poricoic acid A (PAA), a triterpenoid compound derived from Poria cocos, exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities, but its therapeutic potential in OA remains unknown. Here, we investigated the protective effects and mechanisms of PAA in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes and a destabilization of a medial meniscus (DMM) mouse model. PAA significantly restored cartilage matrix synthesis, reduced inflammatory catabolism, and alleviated cartilage degeneration in vivo. RNA-seq identified PI3K/AKT signaling as a major pathway regulated by PAA. Mechanistically, PAA stabilized PTEN protein, suppressed PI3K/AKT phosphorylation, and reversed IL-1β-induced cartilage catabolism. PTEN inhibition abolished the beneficial effects of PAA. These findings identify PAA as a promising therapeutic candidate for OA and reveal PTEN-PI3K-AKT as its major regulatory axis.

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the core protocol for inter-domain routing on the Internet. However, due to its lack of built-in security authentication mechanisms, BGP is highly vulnerable to misconfigurations or malicious route announcements, which can lead to severe incidents such as route hijacking and information leakage. Existing detection methods face two major bottlenecks: First, as the scale of Autonomous System (AS)-level topology continues to grow, conventional graph neural networks struggle to meet the demands of computational resources and latency. Second, the observational data provided by current monitoring systems are inherently localized. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a Graph Learning-driven framework for BGP Anomaly Detection, named GLBAD. The core design of GLBAD comprises three components: First, to handle BGP’s large-scale network topology, we propose a graph partition method to perform a dedicated topological partitioning on the BGP network. Second, to overcome the limitation of localized observational data, we design a graph autoencoder-based approach for adaptive graph learning, enabling topology inference. Finally, integrating the above components, we develop a comprehensive BGP anomaly detection system to achieve real-time and accurate anomaly detection. We evaluate our approach on 20 real-world BGP anomaly events. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed GLBAD effectively detects anomalies with less time consumption while achieving a lower false positive rate.

In this paper, we focus on eddy current array (ECA) technology for defect detection in finely grooved structures of spinning cylinders, which are significantly affected by surface texture interference, lift-off distance, and mechanical dither. Unlike a single eddy current coil, an ECA, which arranges multiple eddy current coils in a specific configuration, offers not only higher accuracy and efficiency for defect detection but also the inherent properties of space and time for signal acquisition. To efficiently detect defects in finely grooved structures, we introduce a spatiotemporal self-attention mechanism to ECA testing, enabling the detection of defects of various sizes. We propose a Multi-scale SpatioTemporal Self-Attention Network for defect detection, called MSTSA-Net. In our framework, Temporal Attention (TA) and Spatial Attention (SA) blocks are incorporated to capture the spatiotemporal features of defects. Depth-wise and point-wise convolutions are utilized to compute channel weights and spatial weights for self-attention, respectively. Multi-scale features of space and time are extracted separately in a pyramid manner and then fused to regress the bounding boxes and confidence levels of defects. Experimental results show that the proposed method significantly outperforms not only traditional image processing methods but also state-of-the-art models, such as YOLOv3-SPP and Faster R-CNN, with fewer parameters and lower FLOPs in terms of Recall and F1 score.

The loss of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers in agricultural runoff is a global environmental problem, attracting worldwide attention. In the last decades, the constructed wetland has been increasingly used for mitigating the loss of nitrogen and phosphate from agricultural runoff, while the substrate, plants, and wetland structure design remain far from clearly understood. In this paper, the optimum substrates and plant species were identified by reviewing their treatment capacity from the related studies. Specifically, the top three suitable substrates are gravel, zeolite, and slag. In terms of the plant species, emergent plants are the most widely used in the constructed wetlands. Eleocharis dulcis, Typha orientalis, and Scirpus validus are the top three optimum emergent plant species. Submerged plants (Hydrilla verticillata, Ceratophyllum demersum, and Vallisneria natans), free-floating plants (Eichhornia crassipes and Lemna minor), and floating-leaved plants (Nymphaea tetragona and Trapa bispinosa) are also promoted. Moreover, the site selection methods for constructed wetland were put forward. Because the existing research results have not reached an agreement on the controversial issue, more studies are still needed to draw a clear conclusion of effective structure design of constructed wetlands. This review has provided some recommendations for substrate, plant species, and site selections for the constructed wetlands to reduce nutrients from agricultural runoff.

Background There are only limited number of reports on molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in dogs and cats in China. This study was conducted to assess the infection rates, genetic identity, and public health potential of these parasites in dogs and cats in Guangdong, China. Methods PCR and sequence analyses were used to identify and genotype Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis in fecal samples from 641 dogs and 418 cats in Guangdong. Chi-square test and odds ratio analysis were used to compare the occurrence rates of these pathogens and identify risk factors for infection. Results The overall infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were 6.9% (44/641) and 9.4% (60/641) in dogs, and 6.2% (26/418) and 3.6% (15/418) in cats. Purebred cats (12.4%; χ 2  = 5.110, OR = 2.8, P  = 0.024) and dogs (10.8%; χ 2  = 5.597, OR = 4.8, P  = 0.018) were more likely to be infected by Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis , respectively. Dogs (12.0%; χ 2  = 7.589, OR = 2.6, P  = 0.006) and cats (13.6%; χ 2  = 8.235, OR = 3.5, P  = 0.004) under 6 months had significantly higher infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp. than older animals. Household (13.9%; χ 2  = 10.279, OR = 2.6, P  = 0.008) and pet shop dogs (11.0%; χ 2  = 7.182, OR = 2.0, P  = 0.048) had higher occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp., as was the case for G. duodenalis occurrence in experimental dogs (13.4%; χ 2  = 9.223, OR = 1.9, P  = 0.017). Cryptosporidium canis ( n  = 42), C. muris ( n  = 1) and Cryptosporidium rat genotype IV ( n  = 1) were identified in dogs, while C. felis ( n  = 21), C. parvum ( n  = 3), C. muris ( n  = 1) and Cryptosporidium rat genotype IV ( n  = 1) were identified in cats. In contrast, the canine-specific assemblages C ( n  = 27) and D ( n  = 26) and the feline-specific assemblage F ( n  = 14) were almost exclusively the only genotypes of G. duodenalis in dogs and cats, respectively. There was no significant difference in infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp. and G . duodenalis between diarrheal and non-diarrheal pets. Conclusions While domestic pets in Guangdong are infected with zoonotic Cryptosporidium species, they are mainly infected with host-specific G. duodenalis genotypes. Risk factors for infections differ between Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis and between dogs and cats.

Microplastics (MPs) are fragments with a diameter of less than 5 mm that have been directly manufactured or formed by the degradation of plastic waste. MPs are not only prone to bioaccumulation in the environment, but they also lead to the spread of micropollutants in the environment, thereby threatening human health ecological environment. The useful detection method of MPs and understanding their abundance, characteristics and toxicity are great essential for MPs removal and control. This work presented the current methods of MPs’ detection, compared the abundance and characteristics of MPs in water, and reviewed MPs’ toxicity to organisms. Furthermore, detailed policies intervention for plastics and MPs’ mitigation have been focused which delineate for application of science and policy together with scientific evidence. Lastly, this study suggests more attention should be paid to the content of MPs in freshwater and organisms closely related to human life, as well as the toxicological toxicity of MPs in mammals.

In this paper, one kind of acid–alkali modified sludge-based biochar (ASBC) was synthesized, characterized, and employed as adsorbent for the removal of pefloxacin. The characterization results showed that the specific surface area (SSA) of ASBC (53.381 m 2 /g) was significantly higher than that of SBC (24.411 m 2 /g). ASBC had a rougher surface, larger particle distribution, lower zero point charge, and richer functional groups (e.g., C-O and O–H) than SBC. The adsorption capacity of ASBC was 1.82 times than that of SBC. After 8 adsorption cycles in reuse experiment, the adsorption capacity of ASBC for pefloxacin still reached 144.08 mg/L, indicating that ASBC has good reusability. Static experiments showed that the optimal pH value was 6.0 in the adsorption of pefloxacin on SBC and ASBC. The result of adsorption kinetics indicated that the pseudo-second-order model could describe well the adsorption process. The Freundlich model was better than the Langmuir model to describe the adsorption of pefloxacin by ASBC, indicating that the adsorption process was mainly multilayer adsorption. Thermodynamic result showed that the adsorption of pefloxacin by ASBC was spontaneous and endothermic. The removal mechanism of pefloxacin by ASBC is mainly the substitution reaction and π-π EDA interaction. In summary, acid–alkali modified biochar is an effective adsorbent for pefloxacin in aqueous solution, and has great application prospects. Graphical abstract