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This review explores electrochemical sensing strategies for synthetic orange dyes, addressing the growing need for sensitive and selective detection methods in various industries. We examine the fundamental principles underlying the electrochemical detection of these compounds, focusing on their redox behavior and interaction with electrode surfaces. The review covers a range of sensor designs, from unmodified electrodes to advanced nanomaterial-based platforms. Chemically modified electrodes incorporating polymers and molecularly imprinted polymers are discussed for their enhanced selectivity. Particular attention is given to nanomaterial-based sensors, including those utilizing carbon nanotubes, graphene derivatives, and metal nanoparticles, which have demonstrated exceptional sensitivity and wide linear ranges. The potential of biological-based approaches, such as DNA interaction sensors and immunosensors, is also evaluated. Current challenges in the field are addressed, including matrix effects in complex samples and long-term stability issues. Emerging trends are highlighted, including the development of multi-modal sensing platforms and the integration of artificial intelligence for data analysis. The review concludes by discussing the commercial potential of these sensors in food safety, environmental monitoring, and smart packaging applications, emphasizing their importance in ensuring the safe use of synthetic orange dyes across industries.

Lycoris longituba is an important ornamental and medicinal plant and contains various Amaryllidaceae alkaloids such as galanthamine (GAL), lycorine (LYC), and lycoramine (LYCM), which have been reported to exhibit medicinal values. However, the effects of light quality on L. longituba are unknown. The present study aimed to explore the effects of different light emitting diode (LED) light quality on growth, physiological characteristics, and alkaloid accumulations in the seedlings. Lycoris longituba seedlings were cultured under different ratios of blue and red LEDs. The results showed that compared to CK, RB (1:2) treatment improved growth, biomass accumulation, and the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments and reduced membrane lipid peroxidation. Blue light increased GAL, LYC, and LYCM contents which were 2.45-, 1.74-, and 1.92-fold higher than CK, respectively. Most of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids biosynthetic pathway genes including PAL, C4H, NBS, TYDC, OMT, and CYP96T1 were upregulated under B treatment. In general, RB (1:2) was the optimal light quality condition for the growth of L. longituba seedlings. B treatment could promote the accumulation of alkaloids and related gene expressions. This study has established the theoretical foundation and technical support for the use of LED light quality control technology in the production of high-quality L. longituba seedlings.

The imbalance of oxidation and antioxidant systems in the biological system can lead to oxidative stress, which is closely related to the pathogenesis of many diseases. Substances with antioxidant capacity can effectively resist the harmful damage of oxidative stress. How to measure the antioxidant capacity of antioxidants has essential application value in medicine and food. Techniques such as DPPH radical scavenging have been developed to measure antioxidant capacity. However, these traditional analytical techniques take time and require large instruments. It is a more convenient method to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of antioxidants based on their electrochemical oxidation and reduction behaviors. This review summarizes the evaluation of antioxidants using electrochemical sensors by bibliometrics. The development of this topic was described, and the research priorities at different stages were discussed. The topic was investigated in 1999 and became popular after 2010 and has remained popular ever since. A total of 758 papers were published during this period. In the early stages, electrochemical techniques were used only as quantitative techniques and other analytical techniques. Subsequently, cyclic voltammetry was used to directly study the electrochemical behavior of different antioxidants and evaluate antioxidant capacity. With methodological innovations and assistance from materials science, advanced electrochemical sensors have been fabricated to serve this purpose. In this review, we also cluster the keywords to analyze different investigation directions under the topic. Through co-citation of papers, important papers were analyzed as were how they have influenced the topic. In addition, the author’s country distribution and category distribution were also interpreted in detail. In the end, we also proposed perspectives for the future development of this topic.

Graphene is an emerging nanomaterial increasingly being used in electrochemical biosensing applications owing to its high surface area, excellent conductivity, ease of functionalization, and superior electrocatalytic properties compared to other carbon-based electrodes and nanomaterials, enabling faster electron transfer kinetics and higher sensitivity. Graphene electrochemical biosensors may have the potential to enable the rapid, sensitive, and low-cost detection of cancer biomarkers. This paper reviews early-stage research and proof-of-concept studies on the development of graphene electrochemical biosensors for potential future cancer diagnostic applications. Various graphene synthesis methods are outlined along with common functionalization approaches using polymers, biomolecules, nanomaterials, and synthetic chemistry to facilitate the immobilization of recognition elements and improve performance. Major sensor configurations including graphene field-effect transistors, graphene modified electrodes and nanocomposites, and 3D graphene networks are highlighted along with their principles of operation, advantages, and biosensing capabilities. Strategies for the immobilization of biorecognition elements like antibodies, aptamers, peptides, and DNA/RNA probes onto graphene platforms to impart target specificity are summarized. The use of nanomaterial labels, hybrid nanocomposites with graphene, and chemical modification for signal enhancement are also discussed. Examples are provided to illustrate applications for the sensitive electrochemical detection of a broad range of cancer biomarkers including proteins, circulating tumor cells, DNA mutations, non-coding RNAs like miRNA, metabolites, and glycoproteins. Current challenges and future opportunities are elucidated to guide ongoing efforts towards transitioning graphene biosensors from promising research lab tools into mainstream clinical practice. Continued research addressing issues with reproducibility, stability, selectivity, integration, clinical validation, and regulatory approval could enable wider adoption. Overall, graphene electrochemical biosensors present powerful and versatile platforms for cancer diagnosis at the point of care.

American shad ( Alosa sapidissima ), introduced from the United States, has become one of the most expensive farmed fish in the aquatic product market of China. The shad reveals significant sexual dimorphism in growth and behaviors. For the study, five male-specific tags were identified in two-generation breeding populations of Alosa sapidissima and were verified by PCR amplification. Averages of 10,245,091 and 8,685,704 raw and enzyme reads were obtained by high-throughput sequencing of the 2b-RAD library, respectively. 301,022 unique tags were obtained from the sequences of twenty samples with sequencing depths of 0 to 500. Finally, 274,324 special tags and 29,327 SNPs were selected with a sequencing depth of 3 to 500. Eleven preliminary screening male-specific tags and three male heterogametic SNP loci were isolated. After verification by PCR amplification, five male-specific sequences of 27 bp located on chromosome 3 were screened out. Chromosome 3 could be assumed to be the sex chromosome of Alosa sapidissima . Sex-specific markers will provide invaluable and systematic animal germplasm resources to allow for the precise identification of neo-males for the all-female breeding of Alosa sapidissima in commercial aquaculture.

HighlightsIn-depth overview of the classification of one-dimensional (1D) micro/nanomotors and strategies for fabricating them are reviewed.Driving mechanisms and progress of 1D micro/nanomotors for applications are summarized.Challenges and future prospects of 1D micro/nanomotors are discussed.Due to their tiny size, autonomous motion and functionalize modifications, micro/nanomotors have shown great potential for environmental remediation, biomedicine and micro/nano-engineering. One-dimensional (1D) micro/nanomotors combine the characteristics of anisotropy and large aspect ratio of 1D materials with the advantages of functionalization and autonomous motion of micro/nanomotors for revolutionary applications. In this review, we discuss current research progress on 1D micro/nanomotors, including the fabrication methods, driving mechanisms, and recent advances in environmental remediation and biomedical applications, as well as discuss current challenges and possible solutions. With continuous attention and innovation, the advancement of 1D micro/nanomotors will pave the way for the continued development of the micro/nanomotor field.

Liver fibrosis is a global health problem caused by chronic liver injury resulting from various factors. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have been found to play a major role in liver fibrosis, and pathological stimuli lead to their transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts. Complex multidirectional interactions between HSCs, immune cells, and cytokines are also critical for the progression of liver fibrosis. Despite the advances in treatments for liver fibrosis, they do not meet the current medical needs. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of 30-150 nm in diameter and are capable of intercellular transport of molecules such as lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. As an essential mediator of intercellular communication, exosomes are involved in the physiological and pathological processes of many diseases. In liver fibrosis, exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis mainly by regulating the activation of HSCs and the interaction between HSCs and immune cells. Serum-derived exosomes are promising biomarkers of liver fibrosis. Exosomes also have promising therapeutic potential in liver fibrosis. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells and other cells exhibit anti-liver fibrosis effects. Moreover, exosomes may serve as potential therapeutic targets for liver fibrosis and hold promise in becoming drug carriers for liver fibrosis treatment.

This review examines the nutritional composition, bioactive compounds, and potential health benefits of goji berries (Lycium barbarum L.). Goji berries contain significant amounts of carbohydrates (46–87% dry weight), proteins (5.3–14.3% dry weight), and dietary fiber (3.63–16 g/100 g fresh weight). They are rich in micronutrients, including vitamin C (2.39–48.94 mg/100 g fresh weight) and potassium (434–1460 mg/100 g fresh weight). The berries’ unique polysaccharides, particularly Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs), exhibit molecular weights ranging from 10 to 2300 kDa. Flavonoids, such as quercetin and rutin (1.0–1.3 mg/g dry weight), and carotenoids, especially zeaxanthin (0.5–1.2 mg/g dry weight), contribute to the berries’ antioxidant properties. In vitro and animal studies have demonstrated various health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. However, more human clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings. The review also highlights the impact of geographical origin, cultivation practices, and processing methods on nutrient composition, emphasizing the need for standardization in research and commercial applications. Future research should focus on the bioavailability, metabolism, and potential synergistic effects of goji berry compounds.

Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) BamHI A rightward transcripts (BART) encoded microRNAs (EBV‐miR‐BARTs) are abnormally highly expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). This study aims to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic performance of miR‐BART7‐3p and miR‐BART13‐3p. Plasma levels of EBV DNA, miR‐BART7‐3p, and miR‐BART13‐3p were examined by quantitative PCR in 483 treatment‐naïve NPC patients and 243 controls without NPC. The prognostic performance was examined by comparing plasma levels with rates of distant metastasis during follow‐up. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for diagnosing NPC was 0.926 for EBV DNA, 0.964 for plasma miR‐BART7‐3p, 0.973 for miR‐BART13‐3p, and 0.997 for all three indices. Among 465 NPC patients without distant metastasis, the above‐median miR‐BART7‐3p and EBV DNA were independent risk for shorter distant metastasis‐free survival (DMFS) (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.94, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44‐5.97, P = .003; HR = 2.27, 95% CI, 1.26‐4.10, P = .006) in multivariate Cox regression. Epstein‐Barr virus DNA, miR‐BART7‐3p, and miR‐BART13‐3p after radiotherapy were detectable in 28.6%, 17.6%, and 54.7% of patients, respectively. In multivariate Cox regression, detectable miR‐BART7‐3p and EBV DNA were independent risks for shorter DMFS (HR = 4.13, 95% CI, 1.89‐9.01, P < .001; HR = 2.14, 95% CI, 1.04‐4.42, P = .039). The 4‐year DMFS rate was 92.0% in subjects (n = 156) with neither detectable miR‐BART7‐3p nor EBV DNA, 80.0% in subjects (n = 65) with either detectable miR‐BART7‐3p or EBV DNA, and 52.9% in subjects (n = 24) with both detectable miR‐BART7‐3p and EBV DNA after radiotherapy (P < .001). Circulating levels of miR‐BART7‐3p and miR‐BART13‐3p show excellent diagnostic performance for NPC. The combination of plasma levels of miR‐BART7‐3p and EBV DNA at diagnosis and after radiotherapy could help stratify patients by risk of poor DMFS. This is so far the most extensive retrospective study to report the diagnostic and prognostic value of circulating levels of the Epstein‐Barr virus BamHI A rightward transcripts encoded microRNAs (EBV miR‐BARTs) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Compared with circulating EBV DNA, this study found that circulating EBV miR‐BARTs is not inferior to EBV DNA in diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, the combination of circulating levels of EBV DNA and miR‐BARTs at diagnosis can improve the potential for diagnostic and prognostic evaluation.

Electrochemical sensors have shown potential in recent years for plant species identification and phylogenetic studies. These works have been used to investigate the affinities of different species in many genera. However, the ability of electrochemical sensors to study relationships between different genera within a family has not been investigated. In this work, we selected 31 species in the Labiatae and 5 exotaxa as subjects to investigate the feasibility of electrochemical sensors at the genus level. The results show that electrochemical sensors are still very effective for the identification of these plants. Different pattern recognition techniques can make the identification more efficient. Also, the fingerprint profiles collected by the sensors can be used for phylogenetic studies of Labiatae. The phylogram divides all the species into five clusters, where the exotaxa are in one cluster. Species in the Labiatae are mainly distributed in four other clusters. Importantly, the different genera of species all showed close affinities, representing that electrochemical fingerprinting can well distinguish the affinities between the different genera. The results of this work demonstrate the great potential of electrochemical sensors in the study of plant phylogeny. Its application is not limited to the study at the species level, but can be extended to the genus level.