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Vibrations occur in the wind turbine drivetrain due to the drivetrain’s elasticity and gear clearance. Typically, the PID control method is used to suppress elastic vibration, while the method with the disturbance suppression function is used to suppress nonlinear gear clearance vibration. The purpose of this paper is to propose an equivalent PID control method based on the internal model control (IMC) for suppressing vibration caused by the wind turbine drivetrain’s elasticity and gear clearance. The equivalent PID controller can suppresses elastic vibration; the IMC controller can suppresses gear clearance vibration. First, the vibration principle of the two-mass wind turbine drivetrain with clearance is discussed. After analyzing the nonlinear characteristics of the gear clearance, the nonlinear clearance system is decomposed into a linear unit and a nonlinear bounded disturbance unit. To suppress nonlinear bounded disturbances, a disturbance suppression method based on IMC is proposed; simultaneously, an equivalent PID controller based on IMC is designed to resolve the vibration issue caused by the wind turbine drivetrain’s elasticity. The simulation experimental results show that the clearance vibration is suppressed by the original IMC method. The PID controller obtained by the IMC equivalent transformation can suppress the elastic vibration.

Background This study explored the diagnostic power of preoperative circulating tumor cells (CTCs) for the presence of microvascular invasion (MVI) and the relationship between dynamic changes in postoperative CTCs and prognosis. Methods A total of 137 patients were recruited for the study. Preoperative blood samples were collected from all patients to detect CTCs. The time points for blood collection were before the operation, during the operation, and at 1 week, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery. The predictive power of CTC count for the presence of MVI was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. According to recurrence status, 137 patients were divided into three groups: no recurrence, early recurrence, and non-early recurrence groups. Results A threshold CTC count of 5 showed the most significant power for predicting the existence of MVI. In multivariate analysis, the parameters of preoperative CTC count, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and tumor diameter were independent predictors of MVI ( P  <  0.05). A CTC count greater than or equal to 5 had better predictive value than AFP > 400 μg/L and tumor diameter > 5 cm. The number of intraoperative CTCs in the three groups did not increase compared to that before surgery ( P  > 0.05). The number of CTCs in the nonrecurrence group and the non-early recurrence group decreased significantly 1 week after surgery compared with the intraoperative values ( P  <  0.001), although there was no significant difference in the early recurrence group ( P  = 0.95). Patients with mean CTC count ≥5 had significantly worse long-term outcomes than those with mean CTC count < 5 ( P  <  0.001). Conclusion The preoperative CTC counts in the peripheral blood of patients with HCC are closely correlated with MVI. The intraoperative manipulation of the lesion by the surgeon does not increase the number of CTCs in peripheral blood. Surgical removal of the tumor decreases the number of CTCs. The persistence of CTCs at a high level (≥ 5) after surgery suggests a risk of early recurrence. Clinical trial registration Registration number is ChiCTR-OOC-16010183 , date of registration is 2016-12-18.

When the wind power system is working in the maximum wind energy tracking area, or when its mechanical drivetrain system vibrates and the vibration frequency is relatively high, the system cannot suppress the speed vibration of the generator in the drivetrain system by adjusting the pitch angle. In this paper, a generator speed control system based on the three degrees of freedom internal model control (3-DOF-IMC) is established to control the generator speed. Thus, a scheme of using the feedback filter in the 3-DOF-IMC to suppress generator speed vibration caused by drivetrain shaft elasticity and gear clearance in the drivetrain system is proposed. Firstly, the vibration problem and waveform of the two-mass wind power drivetrain systems are discussed, and the generator’s vector control and speed control systems are analyzed. Secondly, the principle of the 3-DOF-IMC is described, and the influence of the three controllers on the speed tracking performance and anti-interference performance of the generator is discussed. The suppression ability of the feedback filter for different forms of disturbance signals is emphasized. Finally, the feedback filter controls the generator speed and eliminates the influence of drivetrain vibration on the generator speed. To verify the superiority of the proposed method, the vibration suppression effect, tracking performance and anti-interference performance of the proposed method are compared with the engineering design method (EDM) and conventional IMC (1-DOF-IMC) method. When the parameter α/β = 0.66, the generator speed amplitude overshoot of the proposed method is the same as the EDM. When α/β = 1, it is only 4% of the amplitude overshoot of the EDM. In addition, the tracking performance and anti-interference performance of the proposed method can be adjusted independently, and it is better than the EDM and the 1-DOF-IMC method.

Objectives This study aims to retrospectively analyze the clinical features of Stanford type A acute aortic dissection (TAAAD) based on Sun’s modified classification, and to investigate whether the Sun’s modified classification can be used to assess the risk of preoperative rupture. Methods Clinical data was collected between January 2018 and June 2019. Data included patient demographics, history of disease, type of dissection according to the Sun’s modified classification, time of onset, biochemical tests, and preoperative rupture. Results A total of 387 patients with TAAAD who met the inclusion criteria of Sun’s modified classification were included. There were more complex types, with 75, 151 and 140 patients in the type A1C, A2C and A3C groups, respectively. The age of the entire group of patients was 51.46 ± 12.65 years and 283 (73.1%) were male. The time from onset to the emergency room was 25.37 ± 30.78 h. There were a few cases of TAAAD combined with stroke, pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, and lower extremity and organ ischemia in the complex type group. The white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil count (NEC) and blood amylase differed significantly between the groups. Three independent risk factors for preoperative rupture were identified: neutrophil count, blood potassium ion level, and platelet count. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the Sun’s modified classification could not be used to assess the risk of preoperative rupture in TAAAD. Conclusion TAAAD was classified as the complex type in most patients. WBC, NEC and blood amylase were significantly different between the groups. NEC and serum potassium ion level were independent risk factors for preoperative rupture of TAAAD, while platelet count was its protective factor. More samples are needed to determine whether Sun’s modified classification can be used to evaluate the risk of preoperative rupture.

Accurate estimations of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) densities in shrublands are pivotal for assessing terrestrial ecosystem carbon sequestration. Combining in‐situ investigations and machine learning facilitates large‐scale patterns mapping, however, which often overlooks underlying ecological regulations. Here we utilize data from 1,122 survey plots across China's shrublands and develop a novel knowledge‐based deep learning framework that integrates a structural equation model (SEM) to elucidate mechanisms and construct an artificial neural network (ANN) based on these causal relationships. Results show that biomass allocation to different organs follows allometric regulations and that N and P concentrations maintain a degree of stoichiometric homeostasis following biological stoichiometry theory. This insight guides the construction of our ANN, which outperforms both SEM and other prevalent machine learning methods. By leveraging ecological theories to inform model construction, our framework not only enhances prediction accuracy and explainability but also provides a methodological blueprint for ecological research. Plain Language Summary China has set a goal to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, and one way to achieve this is by utilizing terrestrial ecosystems, which can absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. The effectiveness of natural carbon sinks is often limited by the availability of essential nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Shrublands are unique and contribute the most uncertainty in estimating China's carbon storage. Thus, accurately mapping shrubland vegetation C, N, and P densities is critical. Previous studies usually apply data‐driven methods to scale up site information to larger scales, often failing to consider underlying ecological regulations. Here, we advance this approach by integrating deep learning (DL) with causal understanding. We found that C, N, and P allocation to different organs is relatively consistent, and their ratios maintain generally stable. These relationships are then applied to the DL algorithm. The knowledge‐based DL model outperforms popular machine learning methods. Our framework not only improves the ability to predict nutrient distributions in shrublands but also serves as a blueprint for further ecological research, enhancing both the accuracy and the explainability of ecological models. Key Points Biomass and nutrient allocation follow allometry and biological stoichiometry theory Structural equation model (SEM) and artificial neural network (ANN) are combined to achieve casual interference and accurate prediction Prior knowledge‐based deep learning can advance ecological modeling

Objective To systematically review studies on reproductive outcomes following fertility-sparing interventions. Methods Various electronic databases were searched and studies reporting reproductive outcomes following fertility-sparing interventions for adenomyosis from January 2000 to July 2023 were included. The outcomes were presented as frequency with percentages, and the pooled proportions were calculated with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed if significant heterogeneity was present. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale quality assessment tool. Results A total of 32 articles comprising 2501 participants were included (no RCTs were identified and included). The pooled pregnancy rates were 50.1% (95% CI: 40.0—60.2%) and 52.0% (32.4—71.6%) after adenomyomectomy and image-guided thermal ablation, respectively. The delivery rates were 39.5% (29.9—49.2%) and 32.5% (26.0—38.9%) for adenomyomectomy and thermal ablation, respectively. The pregnancy loss rates were 19.8% (12.2—27.5%) and 39.5% (13.8—65.1%) for adenomyectomy and thermal ablation, respectively. The spontaneous miscarriage rates were 16.3% (9.7—22.9%) and 27.1% (8.1—46.1%) after adenomyomectomy and thermal ablation, respectively. The rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes were 21.4% (7.5—35.3%) and 1.0% (-1.6—3.7%) after adenomyomectomy and thermal ablation, respectively. The preterm delivery rates were 18.4% (2.9—33.9%) and 0.3% (-1.0—1.7%) for adenomyomectomy and thermal ablation, respectively. The IVF-ET conception rates were 40.5% (28.8—52.1%) after adenomyomectomy and 27.5% (-17.3—72.2%) after thermal ablation. The cesarean section rates were 99.6% (98.3—100.8%) and 44.6% (13.4—75.9%) after adenomyomectomy and thermal ablation, respectively. However, as only one article reporting the reproductive outcomes after UAE met the inclusion criteria, meta-analysis could not be performed for UAE. Conclusion The reproductive outcomes following fertility-sparing interventions are promising for women with adenomyosis who desire fertility. However, limited available evidence, potential selection bias, and heterogeneity among the included articles are confounding factors that might influence the assessment of outcomes. Registration This systematic review protocol was prospectively registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (under identifier CRD42020199586) in August 2020.

Traditional Mongolian document layout analysis faces unique challenges due to its vertical writing system and complex structural arrangements. Existing methods often struggle with the directional nature of traditional Mongolian text and require substantial computational resources. In this paper, we propose a direction-aware lightweight framework that effectively addresses these challenges. Our framework introduces three key innovations: a modified MobileNetV3 backbone with asymmetric convolutions for efficient vertical feature extraction, a dynamic feature enhancement module with channel attention for adaptive multi-scale information fusion, and a direction-aware detection head with (sinθ,cosθ) vector representation for accurate orientation modeling. We evaluate our method on TMDLAD, a newly constructed traditional Mongolian document layout analysis dataset, comparing it with both heavy ResNet-50-based models and lightweight alternatives. The experimental results demonstrate that our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance, with 0.715 mAP and 92.3% direction accuracy with a mean absolute error of only 2.5°, while maintaining high efficiency at 28.6 FPS using only 8.3 M parameters. Our model outperforms the best ResNet-50-based model by 3.6% in mAP and the best lightweight model by 4.3% in mAP, while uniquely providing direction prediction capability that other lightweight models lack. The proposed framework significantly outperforms existing methods in both accuracy and efficiency, providing a practical solution for traditional Mongolian document layout analysis that can be extended to other vertical writing systems.

To investigate the influence of cations on the microstructural characteristics of electrochemical reinforcement in soft clay, a study was conducted using three different cationic salt solutions—NaCl, CaCl₂, and FeCl₃—for grouting treatment. Four sets of indoor experiments were performed to examine the reinforcement mechanism of the electrochemical method. The findings indicate that increasing the valence of injected cations significantly affects the electrochemical reinforcement effect and the soil’s microstructural properties. Higher-valence cations notably enhanced the soil’s electrical permeability coefficient and conductivity, leading to a substantial improvement in shear strength. Furthermore, the pore volume of the soil increased following electrochemical treatment compared to soil treated solely by electro-osmosis, due to the flocculation effect induced by cation injection. Nevertheless, the pore size distribution became more uniform, especially in the cathode region, as a result of pore redistribution. The chemical cementation reactions triggered by Ca 2+ and Fe 3+ injections mitigated the impact of flocculation on the microstructure, resulting in a more favorable pore volume and size distribution compared to Na + treatment.

Developing drugs that can effectively block STAT3 activation may serve as one of the most promising strategy for cancer treatment. Currently, there is no putative STAT3 inhibitor that can be safely and effectively used in clinic. In the present study, we investigated the potential of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) as a putative STAT3 inhibitor and its antitumor activities in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The inhibitory effects of DHA on STAT3 activation along with its underlying mechanisms were studied in HNSCC cells. The antitumor effects of DHA against HNSCC cells were explored both in vitro and in vivo. An investigation on cooperative effects of DHA with cisplatin in killing HNSCC cells was also implemented. DHA exhibited remarkable and specific inhibitory effects on STAT3 activation via selectively blocking Jak2/STAT3 signaling. Besides, DHA significantly inhibited HNSCC growth both in vitro and in vivo possibly through induction of apoptosis and attenuation of cell migration. DHA also synergized with cisplatin in tumor inhibition in HNSCC cells. Our findings demonstrate that DHA is a putative STAT3 inhibitor that may represent a new and effective drug for cancer treatment and therapeutic sensitization in HNSCC patients.

Coal is the dominant energy resource in China. With the Chinese policy of committing to reducing peak carbon dioxide emissions and achieving carbon neutrality, coal separation has recently become a hot topic, especially the fluidized separation of fine particles. In this study, micron-sized particles were introduced to ameliorate the properties of the traditional fluidized bed. The expansion characteristics of the micron-sized-particle-dense medium were explored. A bed expansion prediction model of the micron-sized-particle-dense medium was established, and the prediction error was about 10%, providing a theoretical basis for understanding the distribution characteristics of the bed. This model also helped predict the bed density in the presence of a micron-sized-particle-dense medium, and the prediction accuracy was between 85% and 92%, providing a theoretical basis for selecting and popularizing fluidized beds for industrial separation.