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Abstract Pediatric caries is a major global oral health burden, children are particularly susceptible due to immature oral defense mechanisms, underdeveloped immune responses, and frequent exposure to sugar-rich diets that promote cariogenic bacterial activity. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is widely recognized as a primary cariogenic pathogen, responsible for key virulence factors such as acid production, acid tolerance and exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis. Given that S. mutans can adapt to acidic environments through mechanisms such as the acid tolerance response (ATR), we cultured S. mutans in a medium supplemented with hydrochloric acid or lactic acid at pH gradients of 6, 5 and 4 to observe how its virulence changed in response to early low pH shock. S. mutans was found to exhibit delayed growth, increased biofilm biomass, and up-regulated expression of virulence-associated genes, accompanied by bacterial elongation under early low pH shock. It is noteworthy that the morphological changes in bacteria have a substantial impact on biofilm formation and stability. We propose that early acid shock may trigger a virulence surge through bacterial elongation, thus conferring a stronger cariogenic capacity. This finding provides critical insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of pediatric caries and offers potential targets for developing tailored preventive strategies for children.

With the increasing use of bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs) in anti-tumor immunotherapy, the associated adverse reactions pose significant challenges to clinical application. Nervous system toxicity (NST) is one of the notable adverse events associated with this class of drugs. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of BiTE-induced nervous system adverse events. Improving the diagnosis and monitoring of these adverse events is crucial for the early identification and treatment of NSTs. We utilized the FAERS database to analyze NSTs associated with BiTEs reported between January 2004 and September 2025. Positive safety signals of the drugs were assessed using four commonly applied disproportionality analysis methods. In addition, the time to onset of drug-induced adverse reactions was evaluated. A total of 15,558 patients who developed NSTs during BiTE therapy were included in this study. The average age at NST onset was 51.12 ± 24.44 years. The incidence was 21.19% higher in men than in women (6,139 men vs. 5,065 women), with the United States reporting the highest proportion of cases (50.68%). Among the BiTEs analyzed, blinatumomab accounted for the highest number of reported cases (49.63%). The NSTs observed include immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome and other forms of neurotoxicity. Tremor, seizures, and nervous system disorders were reported more frequently with blinatumomab. In the comparative analysis of drug induction time, glofitamab exhibited the longest induction time [82.00 days (range, 1∼1190)], whereas tarlatamab showed the shortest time [16.70 days (range, 1∼141)]. BiTEs have the potential to induce significant adverse events within the central nervous system and may exacerbate pre-existing conditions. Given the increasing utilization of BiTEs, it is essential to integrate resources such as the FAERS database to effectively monitor adverse reactions associated with these novel therapeutic agents.

( ) is one of the etiological agents of schistosomiasis, a widespread zoonotic parasitic disease. However, the mechanism of the balanced co-existence between the host immune system and as well as their complex interaction remains unclear. In this study, rRNA gene sequencing, combined with metagenomic sequencing approach as well as ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolic profiling, was applied to demonstrate changes in the gut microbiome community structure during schistosomiasis progression, the functional interactions between the gut bacteria and infection in BALB/c mice, and the dynamic metabolite changes of the host. The results showed that both gut microbiome and the metabolites were significantly altered at different time points after the infection. Decrease in richness and diversity as well as differed composition of the gut microbiota was observed in the infected status when compared with the uninfected status. At the phylum level, the gut microbial communities in all samples were dominated by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Deferribacteres, while at the genus level, , and were the most abundant. After exposure, , and decreased, while , and increased, which could raise the risk of infections. Furthermore, LEfSe demonstrated several bacterial taxa that could discriminate between each time point of infection. Besides that, metagenomic analysis illuminated that the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway and the chemokine signaling pathway were significantly perturbed after the infection. Phosphatidylcholine and colfosceril palmitate in serum as well as xanthurenic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, and pimelylcarnitine in urine might be metabolic biomarkers due to their promising diagnostic potential at the early stage of the infection. Alterations of glycerophospholipid and purine metabolism were also discovered in the infection. The present study might provide further understanding of the mechanisms during schistosome infection in aspects of gut microbiome and metabolites, and facilitate the discovery of new targets for early diagnosis and prognostic purposes. Further validations of potential biomarkers in human populations are necessary, and the exploration of interactions among , gut microbiome, and metabolites is to be deepened in the future.

Nanomaterials were widely used as efficient adsorbents for environmental remediation of tetracycline pollution. However, the separation of the adsorbents posed the challenge to their practical applications. In this study, we grew magnetic MnFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles on the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to form MnFe 2 O 4 /rGO nanocomposite with a one-step method. When used as the absorbent of Tetracycline, it exhibited an adsorption capacity of 41 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm were fitted well with the pseudo-second order model and Freundlich model, respectively. The MnFe 2 O 4 /rGO nanocomposite could be easily extracted from the solution with the external magnetic field and regenerated with acid washing.

Cao X, Tan T, Zhu D, et al. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020;15:1915-1928. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S244849 We, the Editors and Publisher of the International Journal of Nanomedicine, have retracted the published article. After publication, concerns have been raised by a third party in 2025 about the integrity of the data in Figure 3 of the article. Subsequently, the authors contacted the Journal requesting the retraction of their article due to concerns about the reliability and authenticity of the results reported in the article. Further investigation conducted by the Journal and Publisher confirmed unexpected similarities present in the image panels representative of different treatment conditions in Figure 3A. Additional ethical concerns were identified regarding the animal studies conducted. As verifying the validity of published work is core to the integrity of the scholarly record, we are therefore retracting the article. The corresponding author listed in this publication has been informed. The authors agree to the retraction. We have been informed in our decision-making by our editorial policies and the COPE guidelines. The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as 'Retracted'.

Two new sesquiterpenes, microsphaeropsisin B (1) and C (2), and two new de-O-methyllasiodiplodins, (3R, 7R)-7-hydroxy-de-O-methyllasiodiplodin (4) and (3R)-5-oxo-de-O-methyllasiodiplodin (5), together with one new natural product (6) and twelve known compounds (3, 7–17), were isolated from the co-cultivation of mangrove endophytic fungus Trichoderma sp. 307 and aquatic pathogenic bacterium Acinetobacter johnsonii B2. Their structures, including absolute configurations, were elucidated by extensive analysis of spectroscopic data, electronic circular dichroism, Mo2(AcO)4-induced circular dichroism, and comparison with reported data. All of the isolated compounds were tested for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and cytotoxicity. New compounds 4 and 5 exhibited potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 25.8 and 54.6 µM, respectively, which were more potent than the positive control (acarbose, IC50 = 703.8 µM). The good results of the tested bioactivity allowed us to explore α-glucosidase inhibitors in lasiodiplodins.

The harmful cyanobacteria blooms which usually form in spring and summer, cause global eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems. This study tried to utilize cyanobacteria as a raw material to produce biological poly(vinyl)alcohol-based films. Cyanobacteria was firstly modified with poly(ethylene glycol), guanidine hydrochloride, carboxymethyl cellulose and 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane as plasticizer, modifier, toughening agent and coupling agent, respectively. And then the modified cyanobacteria was introduced to poly(vinyl)alcohol and cellulose nanofibers/poly(vinyl)alcohol matrix to improve the barrier properties of poly(vinyl)alcohol to light and water. Compared with poly(vinyl)alcohol and cellulose nanofibers/poly(vinyl)alcohol films, the obtained cyanobacteria/poly(vinyl)alcohol and the cyanobacteria/cellulose nanofibers/poly(vinyl)alcohol composites exhibit better resistance to light and water. More interestingly, we found that after adding cyanobacteria, the poly(vinyl)alcohol-based films present better barrier properties to blue-violet light and red light. In adddition, introducing cyanobacteria into poly(vinyl)alcohol or cellulose nanofibers/poly(vinyl)alcohol matrix increases the surface roughness and contact angle to water of the composites.

Iodixanol-induced anaphylactic reaction is a well-known adverse event of contrast agents, which are generally well-tolerated and reversible. Serious and fatal reactions such as anaphylactic shock after computed tomography (CT) enhancement have been described. However, there is no data on these events in the literature. This report describes a case of a serious anaphylactic reaction, possibly related to iodixanol and provides an overview of case reports. A 47-year-old women who experienced persistent abdominal pain for more than one month, was proposed of hiatal hernia with CT images taken two weeks previously and was admitted to the gastrointestinal surgery department. The patient underwent contrast-enhanced abdominal CT for the evaluation of multiple intraperitoneal hemodynamic features. A few minutes after abdominal enhanced CT scan, the patient was pale, sweating, had muscle tension and trembling, even coma and profound hypotension with 90/43 mm Hg. Immediately she was supported with oxygen inhalation, was treated with adrenaline subcutaneously, dexamethasone intravenously, and rapid intravenous drip of compound sodium chloride. Ten minutes later, the patient was in respiratory and cardiac arrest and the pupils were dilated. CPR and intermittant static push of 1 mg adrenaline were immediately carried. After endotracheal intubation, the patient's spontaneous heart rate and pupils recovered, and her blood pressure recovered to 105/53 mm Hg. It was suggested that the patient was suffering from iodixanol-induced anaphylactic shock and nephropathy, and she was transferred to the intensive care unit. Despite immediate treatment, the patient died. A 47-year-old female patient with no history of allergies developed severe fatal anaphylactic shock after receiving iodixanol. Although contrast agents induced anaphylactoid/anaphylactic reactions do not often occur, clinicians should be conscious of the potentially serious anaphylactic reaction, which could lead to a life-threatening or fatal event.

Small-diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs) are severely lacking in clinical settings. Therefore, our study investigates a new source of biological vessels—bovine and porcine decellularized intercostal arteries (DIAs)—as potential SDVGs. We utilized a combination of SDS and Triton X-100 to perfuse the DIAs, establishing two different time protocols. The results show that perfusing with 1% concentrations of each decellularizing agent for 48 h yields DIAs with excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. The porcine decellularized intercostal arteries (PDIAs) we obtained had a length of approximately 14 cm and a diameter of about 1.5 mm, while the bovine decellularized intercostal arteries (BDIAs) were about 29 cm long with a diameter of approximately 2.2 mm. Although the lengths and diameters of both the PDIAs and BDIAs are suited for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), as the typical diameter of autologous arteries used in CABG is about 2 mm and the grafts required are at least 10 cm long, our research indicates that BDIAs possess more ideal mechanical characteristics for CABG than PDIAs, showing significant potential. Further enhancements may be necessary to address their limited hemocompatibility.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the migration and distribution characteristics of trace elements in the soil–tea system in the Cuiya tea area of Meitan County, Guizhou Province. Methods: The contents of trace elements (Cd, Fe, La, Mg, Mn, Ni, Se, Pr, Sm, Zn) in tea and soil samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results: The average contents of heavy metals in soil and tea from Meitan County were below the Chinese national standards, while also meeting the criteria for selenium enrichment. Within the soil–tea system, Mn in tea leaves exhibited a significant negative correlation with soil Mn, while Cd showed a significant positive correlation with soil Cd. This pattern was consistent across both the topsoil and subsoil. The tea plants exhibited a high enrichment capacity for Mn, Mg, and Zn, but a low capacity for Sm, Fe, and Cd. Among the studied areas, the enrichment effect was most pronounced in SL, XH, and MJ towns. Conclusions: Significant spatial variations were observed in the concentrations of trace elements in both tea and soil across the Meitan tea area. This study provides a scientific basis for understanding the enrichment and migration of trace elements within the soil–tea system of Meitan County, Guizhou, and for tracing the geographical origin of its tea.