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Phase recovery (PR) refers to calculating the phase of the light field from its intensity measurements. As exemplified from quantitative phase imaging and coherent diffraction imaging to adaptive optics, PR is essential for reconstructing the refractive index distribution or topography of an object and correcting the aberration of an imaging system. In recent years, deep learning (DL), often implemented through deep neural networks, has provided unprecedented support for computational imaging, leading to more efficient solutions for various PR problems. In this review, we first briefly introduce conventional methods for PR. Then, we review how DL provides support for PR from the following three stages, namely, pre-processing, in-processing, and post-processing. We also review how DL is used in phase image processing. Finally, we summarize the work in DL for PR and provide an outlook on how to better use DL to improve the reliability and efficiency of PR. Furthermore, we present a live-updating resource (https://github.com/kqwang/phase-recovery) for readers to learn more about PR.Deep learning for phase recovery including “pre-processing”, “in-processing”, “post-processing”, and “phase processing”.

The growing demand for electronic devices, smart devices, and the Internet of Things constitutes the primary driving force for marching down the path of decreased critical dimension and increased circuit intricacy of integrated circuits. However, as sub-10 nm high-volume manufacturing is becoming the mainstream, there is greater awareness that defects introduced by original equipment manufacturer components impact yield and manufacturing costs. The identification, positioning, and classification of these defects, including random particles and systematic defects, are becoming more and more challenging at the 10 nm node and beyond. Very recently, the combination of conventional optical defect inspection with emerging techniques such as nanophotonics, optical vortices, computational imaging, quantitative phase imaging, and deep learning is giving the field a new possibility. Hence, it is extremely necessary to make a thorough review for disclosing new perspectives and exciting trends, on the foundation of former great reviews in the field of defect inspection methods. In this article, we give a comprehensive review of the emerging topics in the past decade with a focus on three specific areas: (a) the defect detectability evaluation, (b) the diverse optical inspection systems, and (c) the post-processing algorithms. We hope, this work can be of importance to both new entrants in the field and people who are seeking to use it in interdisciplinary work.

We present a technique called white-light diffraction tomography (WDT) for imaging microscopic transparent objects such as live unlabelled cells. The approach extends diffraction tomography to white-light illumination and imaging rather than scattering plane measurements. Our experiments were performed using a conventional phase contrast microscope upgraded with a module to measure quantitative phase images. The axial dimension of the object was reconstructed by scanning the focus through the object and acquiring a stack of phase-resolved images. We reconstructed the three-dimensional structures of live, unlabelled, red blood cells and compared the results with confocal and scanning electron microscopy images. The 350 nm transverse and 900 nm axial resolution achieved reveals subcellular structures at high resolution in Escherichia coli cells. The results establish WDT as a means for measuring three-dimensional subcellular structures in a non-invasive and label-free manner. The three-dimensional structures of transparent objects, such as living cells, are captured by an imaging technique that uses white-light illumination and diffraction tomography to collect a stack of phase-based images.

The SE Tibetan Plateau, tectonically situated in the eastern India-Eurasia oblique convergence zone, has experienced multiple stages of deformation since the Cenozoic. Three major tectonic boundaries—the Ailaoshan-Red River, Chongshan-Lincang-Inthanon, and Gaoligong-Mogok shear zones—delineate the first-order tectonic framework in this region. The most striking structural features in the block interiors are a series of NW- and NE-trending fault systems, such as the Dayingjiang, Longlin-Ruili, Nantinghe, Red River, Weixi-Qiaohou, and Lancang-Genma faults, which have conjugate geometric relationships. In this study, we review these structures’ geometric and kinematic characteristics and deformation histories. A synthesis of existing geological observations, geomorphological analysis, and chronological data reveal three major Cenozoic tectonothermal events, including crustal shortening, strike-slip shearing, and kinematic reversal. The boundary structures controlled the tectonic extrusion of plateau material during the early Oligocene-early Miocene. In the mid-late Miocene, NW- and NE-trending fault systems mostly experienced diachronous slip-sense inversions. The onset and spatial trend of regional kinematic reversal are constrained by existing chronologic data. Together with geophysical and geodetic observations, the activity and geodynamic drivers of the major fault systems and regional deformation styles are explored, revealing that the SE Tibetan Plateau underwent a transition from discrete (lateral block extrusion) to diffuse deformation in the mid-late Miocene. The intracontinental crustal deformation and its coupling with dynamic processes at depth during the plateau growth are discussed in the context of the India-Eurasia convergence.

The prevalence of fungal infections has been increasing consistently in recent years, particularly among immunocompromised individuals, resulting in increased mortality. The World Health Organization (WHO) now lists “super fungi”, such as Candida auris as global public health threats, highlighting the urgent requirement for new antifungal therapies. Although conventional agents such as azoles and polyenes remain prevalent in medical treatment, challenges including drug resistance, limited selectivity, and high toxicity limit their value, prompting the need for the development of more effective therapeutic strategies. Current research trends are shifting towards multi-mechanistic combination therapies and biotechnology-driven approaches, which demonstrate significant potential. This review summarizes recent advances and outlines directions for future antifungal drug development and new therapies.

The newly emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a global human health crisis. The CoV nucleocapsid (N) protein plays essential roles both in the viral genomic RNA packaging and the regulation of host cellular machinery. Here, to contribute to the structural information of the N protein, we describe the 2.0 Å crystal structure of the SARS-CoV-2 N protein C-terminal domain (N-CTD). The structure indicates an extensive interaction dimer in a domain-swapped manner. The interface of this dimer was first thoroughly illustrated. Also, the SARS-CoV-2 N-CTD dimerization form was verified in solution using size-exclusion chromatography. Based on the structural comparison of the N-CTDs from alpha-, beta-, and gamma-CoVs, we demonstrate the common and specific characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 N-CTD. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 N-CTD possesses the binding ability to single-stranded RNA, single-stranded DNA as well as double-stranded DNA in vitro. In conclusion, this study could potentially accelerate research to understand the complete biological functions of the new CoV N protein.

To make the flavor of blueberry wine more unique, in this study, the mixed fermentation of blueberry wine was carried out to increase its original aroma components. The basic physical and chemical properties and antioxidant capacity of blueberry wine were compared when commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used for single fermentation, Komagataella pastoris was used for single fermentation, commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Komagataella pastoris were used for co-fermentation, and sequential fermentation was carried out for 24 h and 48 h. Moreover, the aroma components in blueberry wine were determined by electronic nose, GC-IMS, and GC-MS. The research found that there were no significant changes in the basic physico-chemical properties such as alcohol content, reducing sugar, total phenols, and flavonoids among the five fermentation methods. However, in terms of color, commercial wine yeast fermentation had higher brightness, and the a* and b* values of co-fermentation were higher. It also possessed greater antioxidant capacity when inoculated in sequence for 24 h and 48 h. All five fruit wines were most sensitive to the W1W, W2W, W2S, W1S, and W5S sensors. GC-IMS detection found that 48 h sequential inoculation could produce new aroma components, enhancing the flavor of the fruit wine. Meanwhile, non-targeted metabolomics research by GC-MS showed that Komagataella pastoris could make the aroma components of blueberry fruit wine more diverse and taste more layered. This work contributes to the advancement of fruit wine flavor profile enhancement.

Tectonic interpretations of arc remnants in the Himalayan orogen remain uncertain, despite their important implications for the overall convergence history between India and Eurasia. Provenance results from deep‐water volcaniclastic rocks of the Indus Suture Zone in Ladakh provide new constraints on the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Dras and Kohistan‐Ladakh arcs. Detrital zircon (DZ) U‐Pb ages and whole‐rock geochemistry of the fault‐bounded Upper Cretaceous Nindam and Paleocene Jurutze formations present age patterns and compositions that are consistent with those of the Dras and Kohistan‐Ladakh arcs, respectively. The combination of DZs of the Nindam and Jurutze formations with the igneous zircons of the Dras and Kohistan‐Ladakh arcs shows similar age distributions that support a Late Jurassic to Paleocene tectonic connection between all these units. We argue that the secular trends in geochemical composition of DZs and volcaniclastic material are consistent with the magmatic evolution of one convergent margin, which shifted from a primitive to a mature stage during the Late Cretaceous. The recognition of a single Dras‐Kohistan‐Ladakh arc sets the stage for reevaluating competing scenarios of the Mesozoic evolution of the India–Eurasia convergent system. We find that the most likely scenario is that of a Jurassic arc formed above a south‐dipping intraoceanic subduction zone and accreted to Eurasia during the Early Cretaceous, after which it evolved above a north‐dipping subduction zone. Plain Language Summary The Himalayan orogen is the result of the collision between India and Eurasia and the closure of the intervening Neotethys Ocean. The suture zone between India and Eurasia hosts an incomplete and complex archive of the paleogeography that once existed between them prior to continent‐continent collision. Investigating suture zone rocks may therefore provide valuable information on the building blocks of the orogen and the overall history of the India‐Eurasia convergent system. Disparate remnants exposed in the Indus Suture Zone (Western Himalaya) suggest that volcanic arcs and sedimentary basins were formed above intraoceanic subduction zones, but there is no consensus on their original paleogeography. We discuss new and existing geological data from volcaniclastic rocks related to the Dras and Kohistan‐Ladakh arcs. Our data support the existence of a single Dras‐Kohistan‐Ladakh arc during the Mesozoic and provide additional insights into the complexity of the pre‐collisional convergence between India and Eurasia. Key Points Dissimilar ages and compositions of volcaniclastic units in the Indus Suture Zone reveal arc evolution from primitive to mature stages Detrital zircon U‐Pb ages and geochemistry, and whole‐rock geochemistry support a common origin of the Dras and Kohistan‐Ladakh arcs The recognition of a single Dras‐Kohistan‐Ladakh arc represents a key constraint in models of India‐Eurasia convergence

For more than 60 years, it has been widely accepted that the irradiance of the incoming light plays the most critical role in the etching effect of the photoelectrochemical etching process, which is built upon the underlying physics that photo-generated charge carriers catalyze the dissolution of n-type semiconductors. However, in this paper, we report an anomalous physical phenomenon, i.e., the spatially distributed photons with a lateral gradient could drive the lateral distribution of carriers on the surface of semiconductors, which leads to the anomalous etching phenomenon on the surface of undoped semiconductor materials during the PEC etching process. Research shows that parameters such as light intensity, light intensity gradient, and carrier diffusion length are significantly correlated with this process. This discovery provides a potential method of rapid and large-scale 3D nanomanufacturing on semiconductor materials, which holds promise for significant applications in diverse fields such as microelectronics, nanophotonics, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and biomedicine. Photoelectrochemical etching relies on light-driven carrier migration to catalyze reactions on semiconductor surfaces. Here, the authors show that lateral photon gradients induce anomalous etching of undoped semiconductor materials.